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What is dyspnea?

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HIV Testing Services are collectively called the 5cs and these must be followed in order to achieve the ultimate goal of HIV prevention, treatment, care and support services.

1. Consent, clients must give informed consent and be told of their right to decline testing. Mandatory or coerced testing is not appropriate.
2. Confidentiality, this means that the discussion between the counselor and the client will not be disclosed to Anyone else without the clients consent. Although confidentiality should be respected, it should not be allowed to reinforce secrecy, stigma or shame
3. Counseling, Any counseling and information given must be appropriate, truthful and of high quality both before and after the test.
4. Correct test results, HIV testing and counseling providers should strive to provide high quality testing services. Quality assurance mechanisms should be in place to ensure the provision of correct test results, lastly and but not the least.
5. Connections and linkages to prevention, care and treatment, support services should include the provision of effective referral to appropriate follow up services as Indicated. This includes prevention services for those tested negative and prompt ART initiation for those tested positive for HIV.

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Caput medusae is the name for a cluster of swollen veins in your abdomen. The swelling usually appears around the belly button, and the veins branch out from a central point. They are typically painless, but they are a symptom of circulatory problems that are often related to liver disease.‌

The term caput medusae is Latin for “head of Medusa.” Medusa was a character in mythology who had snakes for hair. The swollen veins can look like snakes extending from a knot in the middle that loosely resembles a head.

What Causes Caput Medusae?
The appearance of swollen veins around your belly button is a symptom of circulatory issues. The root cause of caput medusae is portal hypertension, which is an increase in pressure in the portal vein. That’s the vein that moves blood from your digestive tract to your liver.

When the portal vein is blocked, the blood volume increases in the surrounding blood vessels, and they turn into varicose veins. They bulge out and become visible under the skin. Varicose veins are also more fragile than typical veins and prone to bleeding.

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