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FAQs | Matriculation Board 1. What is a matriculation exemption? A matriculation exemption is a legal requirement for the first-degree study at a South African university.

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Academic year 2021 pamphlet

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NSFAS 2021 Application Information Pack for University Website Update The National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) is a public entity reporting to the Department of Higher Education and Training.

Level 1

12 TYPES OF UNCONSCIOUS BIAS IN THE WORKPLACE

1. AFFINITY BIAS
AFFINITY BIAS

Affinity bias, also known as similarity bias, is the tendency people have to connect with others who share similar interests, experiences and backgrounds.
Affinity bias in the workplace: When companies hire for ‘culture fit,’ they are likely falling prey to affinity bias. When hiring teams meet someone they like and who they know will get along with the team, it’s more often than not because that person shares similar interests, experiences and backgrounds, which is not helping your team grow and diversify. While similarities shouldn’t automatically disqualify a candidate, they should never be the deciding factor, either.

Ways to avoid affinity bias: Actively take note of the similarities you share with the candidate so that you can differentiate between attributes that may cloud your judgement and the concrete skills, experiences and unique qualities that would contribute to your team as a ‘culture add’ rather than ‘culture fit.’

2. CONFIRMATION BIAS
CONFIRMATION BIAS

Confirmation bias is the inclination to draw conclusions about a situation or person based on your personal desires, beliefs and prejudices rather than on unbiased merit.
Confirmation bias in the workplace: In hiring, confirmation bias often plays a detrimental role at the very beginning of the process when you first review a resume and form an initial opinion of the candidate based on inconsequential attributes like their name, where they’re from, where they went to school and so forth. This opinion can follow you into the interview process and consequently steer questions to confirm the initial opinion of the candidate.

Ways to avoid confirmation bias: While every interview will lend itself to a unique conversation based on the individual's background, it’s important to ask standardized, skills-based questions that provide each candidate with a fair chance to stand out. This will help prevent your team from asking too many off-the-cuff questions that may lead to confirmation bias.

3. ATTRIBUTION BIAS
ATTRIBUTION BIAS

Attribution bias is a phenomenon where you try to make sense of or judge a person’s behavior based on prior observations and interactions you’ve had with that individual that make up your perception of them.

Attribution bias in the workplace: While this may seem harmless, humans are quick to judge and falsely assume things about a person without knowing their full story. When hiring, attribution bias can cause hiring managers and recruiters to determine a candidate unfit for the job because of something unusual on their resume or unexpected behavior during the interview.

Ways to avoid attribution bias: Rather than assume (because we all know what they say about assuming) a candidate is unfit for a job because they were late to the interview, ask them what happened — it could be totally innocent and unprecedented. If there is something on their resume or something they said during the interview that caused you to draw conclusions about the candidate, ask them further clarifying questions. Don’t forget that interviewees are often nervous and may misspeak or stumble. Give them a chance to share their full story with you before you judge.

4. CONFORMITY BIAS
CONFORMITY BIAS

Conformity bias is the tendency people have to act similar to the people around them regardless of their own personal beliefs or idiosyncrasies — also known as peer pressure.
Conformity bias in the workplace: When your hiring team gets together to review a candidate’s application materials and conduct the interview, conformity bias can cause individuals to sway their opinion of a candidate to match the opinion of the majority. The problem is the majority is not always right, which may cause your team to miss out on an excellent candidate because individual opinions become muddled in a group setting.

Ways to avoid conformity bias: Before you get your hiring team together to review a candidate, have them all write down and submit their individual opinions separate from one another immediately after the interview ends. Then have your team come together and review what everyone wrote down so you can hear their impartial opinions.

5. THE HALO EFFECT
THE HALO EFFECT

The halo effect is the tendency people have to place another person on a pedestal after learning something impressive about them.
The halo effect in the workplace: The halo effect can come into play at any stage of the hiring process. You may see a candidate worked at a highly regarded company or graduated from an elite school, but if there’s anything we’ve learned about the 2019 College Admissions Scandal, it’s to not judge a candidate on the merit of their name-brand education.

Ways to avoid the halo effect: The halo effect can be dangerously blinding when it comes to reviewing candidates. When reviewing a stack of applications, you are probably looking for something unique that makes a candidate stand out from the rest. When you do this, also consider the candidate without that one gleaming attribute and see how their experiences, skills and personalities compare to other candidates who may not have had the same privileges or opportunities.

6. THE HORNS EFFECT
THE HORNS EFFECT

The horns effect is the tendency people have to view another person negatively after learning something unpleasant or negative about them.
The horns effect in the workplace: The direct opposite of the halo effect, the horns effect can cause hiring teams to w**d out candidates based on a trait that is averse to the team’s preferences. This could be something as trivial as the candidate working with a company you personally dislike or the candidate displaying a particular quirk or mannerism during the interview. Such traits may alter your perception of the candidate entirely even though it’s a small factor that may not even be relevant.

Ways to avoid the horns effect: If you have a negative feeling about a candidate, take the time to figure out exactly where that ‘gut feeling’ is coming from. It may be something superficial or insignificant that shouldn’t affect their chance at the role. You may also want to check with the rest of the interviewing team to understand the root of their opinions and preferences about a candidate.

7. CONTRAST EFFECT
THE CONTRAST EFFECT

The contrast effect is when you compare two or more things that you have come into contact with — either simultaneously or one-after-another — causing you to exaggerate the performance of one in contrast to the other.
Contrast effect in the workplace: This one is a bit of a mind-bender, but it’s also one of the most common types of bias in the recruiting industry. When you’re reviewing loads of candidates, it can be easy to compare one application to the next in the stack and determine which one is better from the other. An exceptionally good interview with one candidate may make the next one seem terrible.

Ways to avoid the contrast effect: Create a structured applicant review and interview process so that your team will be able to compare applications and interview answers as apples-to-apples rather than apples-to-pears. This also goes for performance reviews and rewards for individual employees.

8. GENDER BIAS
GENDER BIAS

Gender bias is the tendency to prefer one gender over another gender.
Gender bias in the workplace: It’s no surprise that men are are all-too-often given preferential treatment over women in the workplace. But to put proof to the pudding, one study found that both men and women prefer male job candidates. So much so that, in general, a man is 1.5x more likely to be hired than a woman.

Ways to avoid gender bias: Conduct blind screenings of applications that exclude aspects of a candidate that may reveal their assumed gender, like name and interests. Set diversity hiring goals to ensure your company holds itself accountable to equitable hiring practices. And again, make sure to compare candidates based on skill and merit rather than traits that can cloud your judgement of them.

9. AGEISM
AGEISM

Ageism in the workplace is the tendency to have negative feelings about another person based on their age.
Ageism in the workplace: Especially at American companies, ageism affects older people more often than younger people. 58% of workers start noticing ageism when they enter their 50s. At that point, it can be more difficult to change careers, find a job or move up in their careers because employers tend to value younger talent more and more — even though experience and expertise are critical skills for any successful business.

Ways to avoid ageism: Train your team members to understand the issue of ageism and debunk some of the myths about workers of different ages. Your company should also create a policy that prevents age bias along with hiring goals to keep age diversity top of mind when recruiting new talent.

10. NAME BIAS
NAME BIAS

Name bias is the tendency people have to judge and prefer people with certain types of names — typically names that are of Anglo origin.
Name bias in the workplace: This is one of the most pervasive examples of unconscious bias in the hiring process, and the numbers bear it out. One study found that white names receive 50% more callbacks for interviews than African American names. Additionally, applicants living in nicer neighborhoods also receive more callbacks for both white and African American names. Another study found that Asian last names are 28% less likely to receive a callback for an interview compared to Anglo last names.

Ways to avoid affinity bias: This one is simple. Omit the candidate’s name and personal information - like email, phone number and address - from their application materials. You can either do this by assigning candidates a number or have an unbiased third-party team member omit this information for the hiring team until they bring a candidate in to interview. This will ensure that hiring teams are selecting candidates based on their skills and experiences without the influence of irrelevant personal information.

11. BEAUTY BIAS
BEAUTY BIAS

Beauty bias is a social behavior where people believe that attractive people are more successful, competent and qualified.

Beauty bias in the workplace: While appearances (race aside) are not protected by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, it is a form of bias that is prominent in the workplace. One study found that traditionally attractive people, both men and women, earn higher incomes, whereas less attractive people earn lower incomes. Another study found that attractive people are less likely to receive a job offer for roles that are low-paying or perceived to be beneath them. That may be because attractive people are viewed as more social, happy and successful.

Ways to avoid beauty bias: SHRM suggests that to avoid beauty bias, companies should create structured recruiting and interview processes so that your team will be able to compare applications and interviews equally and reduce the risk of bias. Having an initial phone screening rather than a video call or in-person interview can also help as well as utilizing unbiased technology to identify top candidates.

12. HEIGHT BIAS
HEIGHT BIAS

Height bias or heightism is the tendency to judge a person who is significantly shorter or taller than the socially-accepted human height.
Height bias in the workplace: This may seem a bit far-fetched, but one study found that a person who is six feet tall earns roughly $5,500 more per year than someone who is five and a half feet tall, regardless of gender, age or weight. Another study found that tall candidates are perceived as more competent, employable and healthy, which may explain why 58% of male CEOs at major companies are over six feet tall.

Ways to avoid height bias: Conducting blind interviews, phone interviews or video interviews will reduce your susceptibility to judge a person based on their height. Also simply knowing that this bias is a common social behavior will help you identify your bias against candidates.

A lot has gone on this year.
The good news is, everything may be back to normal by end of September or mid October.
Level 1 is almost upon us. The old normal will be reinstated.

5G TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED IN DETAILS: IT COMES TO CHANGE SOCIETIES
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Since 2018, 5G has been on everyone’s lips. But we bet only a few people know what 5G is all about. If asking an average user, they will say it’s the faster variant of 4G. And though there is a gain of truth, 5G technology is more than you think. In this article, we will try to introduce to you all the highlights of this technology.

From 1G to 5G

1G: This refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, namely mobile communications. It uses analog signals and has a speed of up to 2.4kbps. Phone with no screen could make calls.

2G (GPRS): This refers to the second-generation mobile technology. It uses digital telecommunications standards. The data rate is between 56-114kbps. 2G realizes the digitization of voice communication, and feature phones can send text messages with a small screen.

3G (WCDMA/CDMA 2000/TD-SCDMA): Refers to the third-generation mobile communication technology. It provides a data rate of 384kbps. So you can easily browse websites and stream music.

4G: This refers to the fourth generation of mobile technology, known as LTE (Long Term Evolution). Compared to 1G-3G, it is the best among these types. And it is stable and fast like Wi-Fi at home or office.

5G is the fifth-generation mobile communication technology and an extension of the 4G system. On June 13, 2018, the San Diego 3GPP meeting set the first international 5G standard. Compared with the former, 5G networks have three main characteristics – extremely high speed (eMBB), extremely large capacity (mMTC), and extremely low latency (URLLC).

High speed
We all know that communication relies on electromagnetic waves. And the frequency resources of electromagnetic waves are very limited. Different frequencies have different speeds. Frequency resources are like cars. The higher the frequency and the more cars, the more information can be loaded at the same time. Therefore, the greater the frequency, the greater the bandwidth, and the faster the speed.

5G technology

Currently, we use low-frequency bands for 4G. Its advantages are good performance and wide coverage, which can effectively reduce the operator’s investment in base stations and save money. But the disadvantage is that if there are more people, the ‘road’ of data transmission will be narrow. Although the existing technology has been optimized, the rate is still limited. While 5G uses high-frequency bands, the use of high frequency can not only relieve the tension of low-frequency resources but because there is no congestion phenomenon, the ‘roads’ are wider and the bandwidth rate is increased.

To solve the propagation problem of high-frequency communication, it requires relying on the massive antenna (massive MIMO). MIMO stands for ‘multiple input multiple output’.

High-frequency resources also have a short wavelength. In antenna design, the distance between the antenna array and them can be very short, and the antenna array can be integrated in a small range. The increase in the number of antenna elements can bring additional gain.

Under these characteristics, 5G provides a peak data download rate of up to 10Gbps. The peak rate of 4G is about 100Mbps, and the speed is increased by 100 times. Ideally, users can download a 1GB HD video in seconds. 4K video requires a minimum download speed of 25Mbps. 4G cannot meet this requirement. Therefore, 4K live video broadcasting is possible under 5G environment. In addition, the demand for bandwidth in VR/AR is huge. And 5G is possible for the realization of virtualization such as VR.

High capacity
High-frequency millimeter waves can increase the transmission rate. But high-frequency signals are difficult to pass through walls. As the transmission distance increases, the transmission rate will drop faster than the low-frequency band of 4G. In order to ensure an efficient and stable transmission rate, more base stations are required for stable signal transmission. 5G technology introduces micro base stations with small size and low energy consumption. Such base stations can be installed and deployed anywhere in the city and can be installed in street lights, signal lights, shopping malls, houses, etc. Each base station can receive signals from other base stations and send data to users in any location. The signal reception is uniform; the carrying capacity is large; and the ubiquitous network is formed to solve the shortcomings of poor long-distance transmission in high-frequency bands.

This also makes the Internet of Things possible. In the 5G network, in addition to common 3C products such as smartphones and PCs, more terminal devices can also be incorporated into the network. Among them, we can mention smart furniture products that can be controlled via the network (smart sockets, smart air conditioners, smart refrigerators, and smart wearable devices). In the field of the Internet of Things, different application scenarios have different needs of the network.

Some terminal devices require a large amount of real-time data to quickly process feedback, while some terminal devices only require a small amount of data or a few bits of data transmission. It does not require a high transmission speed response, and may even update a small amount of data in a month or two. For example, the usage information display of water meters and electric meters. Therefore, in a 5G network, it is necessary to be able to automatically recognize the network requirements of the device terminal and use different network bandwidths. When a small amount of data is transmitted, 5G’s smart identification uses a narrow-band network that consumes less energy to transmit data, thereby effectively reducing energy consumption and use, and ensuring the usability of low-consumption terminal equipment for long-term operation.

Low latency
Compared with 4G, 5G has been greatly optimized and adjusted on the existing technical architecture. In order to achieve ultra-low latency, 5G will work together from all aspects of the access network, bearer network, core network, and backbone network.

While greatly reducing the transmission delay of the air interface, the forwarding nodes are reduced as much as possible and the distance between nodes is shortened. The network slicing technology divides the physical network into N logical networks to adapt to different application scenarios.

4G network application servers are concentrated in the central computer room, far away from the terminal, and need to pass through multiple transmission nodes in the middle. 5G uses edge computing technology to deeply integrate the access network and Internet services, deploy cloud computing equipment with computing, processing and storage functions at the edge of the access network, build a mobile convenient cloud, and provide an information technology service environment and cloud computing capabilities. It can reduce the forwarding and processing time during data transmission, and reduce the end-to-end delay.

Low latency makes driverless driving possible. Let’s take a look at this case: a car is running at a speed of 60Km/h; the emergency braking distance of 50ms is 1m, 10ms is 17cm, and 1ms is 17mm; the delay in 4G network is about 50ms; the braking distance is about 1m in 50ms. This may be the gap between life and death. So the delay of 5G networks as low as 1ms makes it possible for autonomous driving to ensure safe driving on the road.

5G technology

5G Cons and Pros

Cons
5G sounds good. But in reality, there are still many fields, where equipment vendors, telecom companies, and even the government need to work together.

5G is included in sub-6GHz frequency bands and millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands. 4G technology will continue to develop and become a complementary technology in the frequency band below 6GHz. This also means that the telecommunications industry will not completely ignore 4G because of the development of 5G; on the contrary, the industry has expressed that it will moderately rebuild some 4G base stations and strengthen system signal switching.

Since 5G high-frequency millimeter waves are easily interfered, a larger number of base stations need to be deployed to achieve a certain coverage rate. For example, the Japanese government is planning to install 5G base stations on traffic lights and street lights, hoping to increase the density of base stations. This also means that small cells are more important than ever.

The development of 5G micro base stations with ‘massive MIMO’ and ‘beamforming’ has been able to overcome technical difficulties and achieve a certain level.

Pros
5G is wireless Internet technology. The most obvious feature is its extremely fast speed. It is generally 20 times that of 4G and up to 100 times. It can transmit massive amounts of data in a very short time, greatly reducing the delay, and the difference is large enough to bring about fundamental changes. .

In daily applications, the current 4G is actually limited by inherent technology, bandwidth is limited, and there are many restrictions on use. For example, in large concerts or public gatherings, when tens of thousands of people are online at the same time, the Internet speed will become very slow. The huge bandwidth of 5G can solve this problem.

Modern people have higher and higher requirements for audio and video quality. Many programs on Netflix and other streaming platforms have 4K ultra-high image quality options. However, due to the insufficient speed of 4G, very few people will use data streaming to watch. 5G solves this problem as well.

There are also games that require high network speed and latency. The current electronic game design is getting better and better, and the capacity is getting larger. Google’s streaming game platform Stadia advertises that there is no need to purchase an additional game console or download and install the game. 5G has come on time.

Why 5G Technology Is Not Used Much?
Although 5G network coverage speed is fast, but continuous coverage is insufficient

Insufficient 5G network coverage, even if it is not an obstacle for people to use 5G, has become a factor that no one can ignore when users upgrade to 5G. After 5G enters the 1.0 era, with the accelerated maturity of 5G SA technology and the promotion of new infrastructure strategies, operators will inevitably further increase investment in 5G network construction in the next two years.

Although the price reduction of 5G terminals is fast, the cost performance is not high

With the rapid increase in the number of new 5G smartphones on the market, the price of 5G phones also has a rapid downward trend. The price of 5G smartphones has been reduced from about $550 at the beginning of the year to about $450 in May, and to about $250 at the end of June.

New 5G smartphones have been launched quickly and shipments have increased significantly. But it should not be overlooked that the cost-effectiveness of 5G smartphones is still relatively low. Although 5G low-end smartphones can satisfy everyone’s curiosity about 5G network speed, compared with 4G smartphones of the same price, the performance indicators of 5G models still have a lot of room for improvement.

Although the innovation of 5G is loud, the lack of unique applications is a fact
With the support of manpower and funds, the innovative application of 5G has achieved gratifying results. The application of 5G in smart mines have become a reality. Judging from media reports, various vertical industry applications related to 5G are only in the pilot or pioneering stage. So there is still a big gap between mature technology or widespread popularization.

Conclusion
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4G has achieved a significant increase in data rate, entered the era of mobile broadband, and changed people’s lifestyles. Whether it’s ordering, takeout, payment, etc., all have been changed by the mobile terminal. Thus, 4G changes lives, and 5G will change the whole society. It will give people a brand new media experience from virtual items such as VR/AR, virtual characters, and enhanced scenario information. It will also enter the era of the Internet of Things and pe*****te into all walks of life -Internet of Vehicles, intelligent manufacturing, global logistics tracking system, intelligent agriculture, municipal meter reading, etc.

Schools will reopen, starting with Grade 7, 12 and small schools.
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If you know anybody doing Grade 12 or a person who knows a Grade 12 learner, please let's help them by forwarding as much information we can to help them during this lockdown. Previous Question Papers and Answers will help them to practice during Lockdown.

GRADE 12 PREVIOUS EXAM QUESTION PAPERS AND ANSWERS: ALL SUBJECTS INCLUDED
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Maths Literacy
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Mathematics
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English First Additional Language (FAL)
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Sepedi Leleme La G*e (HL)
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IsiZulu Ulimi Lwasekhaya (HL)
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Siswati Home Language (HL)
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IsiNdebele Ilimi Lekhaya (HL)
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Grade 12 Previous Question Papers [DOWNLOAD] 2019 Exam (May/June) 2018 Exam (November) Final Examination Timetable available HERE 2018 May/June Exam 2019 Exam (November)...