07/02/2026
"Antisocial." "Career criminal." "Jew." These are the labels stamped on the documents of Fredy Lewin—a young gay Jewish man arrested in N**i Germany in June 1938 and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp, one of an estimated 2,500 men swept up that summer under the regime's "Operation Work-shy."
Fredy's mother eventually bribed a guard to secure his release. He fled to Shanghai, where he took up tailoring—a trade he carried with him to San Francisco in 1948. He spent decades running his own dressmaking shop in the city until his death in 1995.
His passport, issued after his release, is preserved in the JFCS Holocaust Center's Tauber Holocaust Library and Archives, which is home to more than 13,000 volumes, over 2,000 recorded oral histories, and countless rare artifacts documenting the Holocaust.
Read the full story on the JFCS Holocaust Center blog.
In spring 1938, the N**i government inaugurated “Aktion Arbeitscheu Reich” (Operation Work-shy): calling for mass arrests of people deemed by the regime to be “asocial,” a broad category that included vagrants, mendicants, alcoholics, Sinti and Roma, and, often, g**s. The campaign began in A...