11/01/2024
In public settings, whenever there’s a discussion about beer, we often dive into specifics, assuming the other person knows the basics. But this isn’t always true—in fact, it usually isn’t. As an educator, I’ve realized the importance of starting with the fundamentals, especially if I don’t know the other person’s knowledge level.
So, let’s start with the basics.
What makes a Beer?
The four key ingredients: malt, hops, yeast, and water.
Beer is produced through a series of chemical reactions that yield alcohol, CO₂, and a lot of interesting flavors.
Brewer’s yeast feeds on malt sugars extracted in the form of wort during a process called mashing. Wort, a sugary liquid, provides fermentable and unfermentable sugars that influence color, clarity, foam formation and stability, alcohol strength, finish, body, texture, taste, and aroma. This is why malt is considered the backbone of beer. While any grain that undergoes malting can be called malt, in brewing, it’s typically malted barley—the primary sugar source.
Water is another key ingredient. At a surface level, it might seem simple, but since more than 90% of beer is water, its quality matters. Brewers often make salt adjustments based on style, influencing the final beer’s perception of dryness or sweetness.
Humulus lupulus—also known as hops and a close cousin to cannabis—has been used in brewing for over a thousand years. Hops are often seen as the “villain” due to their bitterness, but they contribute to a lot of fascinating flavor compounds reminiscent of fruity, herbal, earthy, dank, floral, and spicy notes. Hops can also affect beer haze, foam, and mouthfeel.
In essence, brewers make wort, and yeast makes beer. Yeast is the powerhouse here, requiring a sugar source, oxygen, nutrients, ideal fermentation conditions—and, of course, time to do its magic. Broadly, yeast strains fall into two categories—ale yeast and lager yeast. And in certain specific beer styles, wild yeasts or bacteria are intentionally allowed. If it’s not intended, then it’s infected.
Want to dive deeper into these discussions? Sign up for my Level 1 Beer Server course—link in bio!