08/23/2026
"The Fiscal Shell Game: Part 2
Who Does America Owe Nearly $40 Trillion To?
If you listen to American politics long enough, you will eventually hear some version of the same warning: the United States is almost $40 trillion in debt, foreigners are financing our government, and someday countries like China may decide they want their money back.
It is an effective story because it sounds familiar. Most of us know what it means to owe money. You borrow from a bank, the bank expects repayment, and if things go badly enough the lender can come after your assets.
That mental picture gets imported into discussions of the national debt.
It is also badly misleading.
The federal debt is not one enormous loan from some mysterious creditor. It is the combined value of millions of Treasury securities held by investors, financial institutions, retirement systems, government trust funds, foreign investors, and the Federal Reserve.
To understand what the national debt actually means, it helps to start with a surprisingly simple question:
Who owns it?
First, there are really two kinds of federal debt
When people hear that the national debt is approaching $40 trillion, they are hearing the figure the Treasury calls Total Public Debt Outstanding.
As of June 17, 2026, that figure was about $39.3 trillion. But that number includes two different categories of debt: debt held by the public and intragovernmental holdings.
Debt held by the public includes Treasury securities held by individuals, banks, mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, corporations, state and local governments, the Federal Reserve, and foreign investors and governments.
The other category, intragovernmental debt, is money one part of the federal government owes to another part. Government trust funds and other federal accounts hold special Treasury securities because they have accumulated surpluses that are invested in federal obligations. Treasury itself defines these holdings as Government Account Series securities held by federal trust funds, revolving funds, and special funds.
That distinction already complicates the familiar image of the national debt.
Part of what we call “America’s debt” is money the federal government owes to investors outside the government.
Another part is effectively an obligation recorded between different parts of the federal government itself.
Those obligations are real. They should not simply be erased from the books. But neither category resembles a family borrowing $39 trillion from a bank."
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