The Society of Civil War Enthusiasts

I closed this site down in Sept. 2025. No.longer active.

Friends:

This week marks our ten-year anniversary for this site, and after ten full years of postings, I have decided to shut this site down. I simply do not have the time, desire, or energy to continue with doing all of the postings, especially since the participation has fallen off. We had big plans for this in the beginning, but other things have taken its place. I have a lot going on with my books; Dawn's Gray Steel and Tennessee Thunder, and to them I have to devote more energy. Thank you all for ten years of learning with me about the activities of the era. Godspeed.

On August 25th in the Civil War. This day in the Civil War. All quiet on the Potomac. Some more good videos.
(Video-Total War, William T. Sherman, & Atlanta)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fi7nNhukn-4
August 25, 1861- General McClellan continued to improve the defences of Washington DC and ignore the public demand that his forces launch an attack on the Confederates based near the capital. He was a lot more cautious simply because he did not feel he did not know the true strength of the army opposing him. Therefore McClellan concentrated on being defensive as opposed to launching an offensive campaign; not something either Lincoln, or the public, were happy about. McClellan also believed that if he gave in to the public’s demand for an offensive policy and that campaign failed, the capital would be open to occupation by Confederate forces.
August 25, 1862-NEW ULM, MINN. EVAUCATED
The town of New Ulm, Minnesota was evacuated following the second battle against the Sioux Indians. Fearing that an attack was imminent, approximately 1,500 people fled the town in a train comprised of 153 wagons. They made it the thirty-miles to Mankato, Minnesota without incident.
Two farmers were killed by Indians in Dakota Territory one-mile from modern-day Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
August 25, 1863-Guerrilla warfare in Missouri and Kansas reached a climax in Lawrence, Kansas, four days after the massacre. Federal Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, in command at Kansas City, issued General Order No. 11, which stated that all persons in Jackson, Cass and Bates counties, and parts of Vernon County, all in Missouri, were to leave their homes. Those who could prove their loyalty would be permitted to stay at military posts. All others had to vacate the area. An estimated twenty thousand people lost their homes around Kansas City, while barns, houses and crops were burned. The anti-guerrilla move had little effect on the raiders, but cause deep animosities that lasted for generations.
August 25, 1864-BATTLE OF REAMS STATION
Striking against the Federal infantry destroying the Weldon Railroad south of Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate Lieutenant General A.P. Hill’s Confederate corps defeated Federal Major General Winfield Scott Hancock’s Second Corps in a surprise attack at Reams Station. Federal losses totaled 2,372 and the Confederate casualties were estimated at 720. Over 2,000 of the Federal losses were captured or missing. Hancock’s men withdrew and Hill’s troops returned to the Petersburg defensive line. The Confederate victory did not discourage Federal destruction or the build-up of new westward extension of the Union siege lines around Petersburg.
(Video-The 150th Anniversary Of The Death Of James S. Stratton In The Second Battle Of Ream's Station)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXh-pZaw01U
In Georgia, Federal Major General William T. Sherman began his principal movement to cut off the city of Atlanta completely. Troops marched towards the south side of the Atlanta area, in the general direction of Jonesborough.
(Video-Death of General McPherson)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KoFBv5J908
(Video-"The Battles For Atlanta" 145th Civil War DVD Trailer)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OFa3JZS5lK4&t=98s

On August 24th in the Civil War On this day in the Civil War a legendary ship will begin its amazing career on the high seas. Music and a good video.
(Video/Music-CSS Alabama - 150 Years)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_tBgf1BP98
(Video-Sea Hunters: Season 1 - Ep 10 "The Search for the CSS Alabama") Scattered on the ocean's bottom, thousands of kilometres apart, lie the remains of three vessels, each a testament to this desperate naval war. Two smuggled goods to the rebel armies, the third was the war's most famous open sea raider, the CSS Alabama. 48 mins.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MzQOST1qZRs
August 24, 1861-By Act of the Confederate States of America (approved on 24 August 1861, and later published in The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America) concerning the appointment of two assayers (one in Charlotte, N.C., and another in Dahlonega, Ga.) whose duty will be to assess gold and silver on behalf of the CSA.
August 24, 1862-It was another rainy night on the Minnesota frontier, which created another cessation of hostilities. Settlers in New Ulm took advantage of the lull to make evacuation plans.
Near the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean, the C.S.S. Alabama was commissioned as a cruiser in the Confederate Navy and received its armament and supplies. A legend is about to be born that will change maritine law forever.
(Video/Music-Number 292 (Roll, Alabama, Roll) - The Cumberland Three - By Sursumkorda.swf)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Qi1KQi1jjE
(Video/Music-The Alabama -- а tribute to C.S.S. Alabama)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OF1s2hMpWqU
August 24, 1863-In Alabama, skirmishing occurred at Gunter’s Landing near Port Deposit.
Other action included a Federal scout at Barbee’s Crossroads and skirmishing at Coyle’s Tavern near Fairfax Courthouse, near King George Courthouse and near Warm Springs, all in Virginia.
August 24, 1864-On the Petersburg, Virginia front, Federals realized that Confederate infantry was building up near the Union troops who were destroying large sections of the Weldon Railroad. Skirmishing broke out near Reams Station and on the Vaughan Road nearby.
Elsewhere, skirmishing flared up at Annandale, Virginia; Huttonsville, Halltown and Sutton, West Virginia. Skirmishing also occurred at Claiborne, Georgia; Gunter’s Prairie, Indian Territory along with Ashley’s and Jones’s Stations near Duvall’s Bluff, Arkansas.
Play

On August 23rd in the Civil War.This day in the Civil War. (A Southern legend is finally caught.)
(Video-Rose O'Neal Greenhow- A Confederate Spy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kzk2-fbGsnw
(Video-The Southern Sympathizer Who Shuttled Secret Ciphers to the South)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gwwltaXiKg
August 23, 1861-Allan Pinkerton, head of the new secret service agency of the Federal government, places Confederate spy Rose O’Neal Greenhow under house arrest in Washington, D.C.
Greenhow was a wealthy, vivacious, widow living in Washington at the outbreak of the war. She was well connected in the capital and was especially close with Massachusetts Senator Henry Wilson. The Maryland native was openly committed to the Southern cause, and she soon formed a substantial spy network.
Greenhow’s operation quickly paid dividends for the Confederacy. One of her operatives provided key information to Confederate General Pierre G. T. Beauregard concerning the deployment of Union General Irwin McDowell’s troops before the First Battle of Bull Run, Virginia, in July 1861. Beauregard later testified that this dispatch, along with further information provided by Greenhow herself, was instrumental in Beauregard’s decision to request additional troops. The move led to a decisive victory by the Rebels.
It did not take the Federals long to track down the leaks in Washington. Pinkerton placed Greenhow under house arrest, and he soon confined other suspected women in her home. However, Greenhow was undeterred. She was allowed visitors, including Senator Wilson, and was able to continue funneling information to the Confederates. Frustrated, Pinkerton finally confined Greenhow and her daughter to the Old Capitol Prison for five months in early 1862. In June 1862, she and her daughter, “Little Rose,” were released and exiled to the South.
Greenhow traveled to England and France to drum up support for the Southern cause, and she penned her memoirs while abroad. She was on her way back to America in September 1864 when a Yankee war vessel ran her ship aground in North Carolina. Weighted down by a substantial amount of gold, (rumor has it there was close to $25,000.00 in gold in the money belt she had around her waist) Greenhow’s lifeboat overturned and she drowned.
August 23, 1862-SECOND BATTLE OF NEW ULM, MINN.
After creating a diversion in the direction of Fort Ridgely, approximately 650 Sioux Indians led by Wabasha, Mankato and Big Eagle, attacked the town of New Ulm, Minnesota, from the west around 9:30 a.m. As the Indians advanced, some of the defenders fell back, abandoning buildings that the Indians either occupied or set on fire. The Indian advance swept forward, wrapping around both flanks of the town. Just as the Indians were about to charge, the town’s defenders led by Charles Flandrau, led a counterattack, which robbed the Sioux of their initiative. Fighting continued to nightfall, before the attack was over. Ninety-four civilian casualties occurred during the two attacks at New Ulm, with more than one-third of them fatal. There were 190 buildings in the town that were destroyed by fire. Again, Charles Ingalls escaped death in the fight.
August 23, 1863-The first period of bombardment on Fort Sumter came to an end but only after 5,009 rounds had been fired by the Federals and only one gun left in good condition in the fort, which was now a pile of rubble and wreckage.
Confederates captured two small Federal gunboats, the Satellite and Reliance, at the mouth of the Rappahannock River in Virginia. Lieutenant L. Taylor Wood accomplished the feat with four small boats with sixty men and thirty sharpshooters.
August 23, 1864-After fierce bombardment by land batteries, three monitors and other Union naval vessels, Fort Morgan, the last major Confederate post at the entrance to Mobile Bay, fell to the Federals. It gave them control of the port, even though the Confederates held the city itself. Now Wilmington, North Carolina remained the only significant port partially open to Confederate blockade-runners.

On August 22nd in the Civil War. This day in the Civil War. Native Americans find out that sheer bravery does not take the place of good artillery. (And one hell of an explosion takes place outside of Charleston this day.)
Video- Full Movie1953 The Great Sioux Uprising Jeff Chandler; Faith Domergue)-During the Civil War, Southern agitators and a crooked horse dealer endanger the peace between the Union and the Wyoming Sioux. . . Joan Britton, improbably gorgeous frontier horse dealer, and the much less scrupulous Stephen Cook are friendly competitors supplying horses to the Union Army in Wyoming Territory during the Civil War. Southern general Stand Watie, a Cherokee, is rumored to be in the area to stir up the Sioux against the Union, when Cook picks this worst possible moment to steal a herd of Sioux horses. Enter ex-army doctor Jonathan Westgate, who becomes Cook's rival for the love of Joan, opposes his crooked activities...and who alone can prevent a new Indian war. (Although only a movie, unfortunately this sort of thing happened more than people care to admit.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WcdGEqk4rjA
August 22, 1861- The Confederacy started to make plans for an expected Unionist attack along its vulnerable coastline. The Federal Navywas looking for bases to operate from, and was preparing to up the ante, big time.
August 22, 1862-SECOND ATTACK ON FORT RIDGELY, MINN.
The Sioux Indians returned to Fort Ridgely with twice the strength. Led by Little Crow and Mankato, the Sioux surged towards the fort, reaching as far as the stables where they released the livestock.
Well-placed shots of canister and case-shot from the artillery pieces inside the fort were enough to scatter the attacking Sioux before they reached the main part of the compound. Little Crow withdrew his forces by the end of the day. Chief Big Eagle lamented, “But for the cannon I think we would have taken the fort. The soldiers fought us so bravely we thought there were more of them than there were. The cannons disturbed us greatly but did not hurt many. We did not have many Indians killed.” Nevertheless, the Sioux would not attack directly into the cannonade.(And after all this Charles Ingalls, (I believe erronously called him John Ingalls earlier) decides to move the family further west.
August 22, 1863-Fort Sumter was feeling the impact of the sustained bombardment, now in its sixth day. Only four guns remained serviceable in the fort. Five Federal monitors made a night attack, and only two guns returned fire. Nevertheless, there was no indication of a surrender. Other Union guns opened fire on Charleston itself. The Federals suffered a severe blow when the famed Swamp Angel exploded while firing its thirty-sixth round.
August 22, 1864-Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early demonstrated towards Harper’s Ferry, West Virginia with a skirmish occurring at Charles Town, West Virginia. Globe Tavern and the Weldon Railroad were quiet. Other fighting occurred at Jonesborough and Caton, Georgia; Canton and Roaring Spring, Kentucky; Yell County, Arkansas; and Cove Point, Maryland.

On August 21st in the Civil War.This day in the Civil War. Today the James brothers of outlaw fame will take part in a bloody massacre as members of the infamous Quantrill's Raiders..I have two movies here, one is a bit doctored. Both involve Quantrill's notorious deeds. Lot of video stuff today.
(Video-clip-The Outlaw Josey Wales - Trailer ( Clint Eastwood )
The Outlaw Josey Wales a peaceful Missouri farmer (Clint Eastwood) is looking for revenge after the brutal r**e and murder of his wife and family by a band of pro-Union (Civil War) Jayhawkers—James H. Lane's "Redlegs" from Kansas. He joins a group of pro-Confederate Missouri guerrillas led by "Bloody Bill" Anderson.
(Video-Movie-Dark Command (1940)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyEw5YntnoE
August 21, 1861- -Second Wheeling Convention adjourns
August 21, 1862-Because of a rainfall, a cessation of hostilities occurred in the Minnesota frontier. Defenders at Fort Ridgely and the town of New Ulm used this day to strengthen defenses, inventory supplies, tend to the wounded and make preparations to withstand a future Sioux Indian attack, if at all possible.
Elsewhere, Major General John Pope’s Army of Virginia skirmished with General Robert E. Lee’s Confederates along the Rappahannock River at Kelly’s, Beverly and Freeman’s Fords.
Federal troops evacuated Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and a skirmish occurred at Neosho, Missouri.
(Video-full movie-Ride with the Devil (1999) with S***t Ulrich, Jewel Kilcher, Tobey Maguire movie-Quantrill's Raiders)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEIUgDYYDC0
(Video-Meet the Past - William Clarke Quantrill - August 21, 2012)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWXnqHnXloc
August 21, 1863-SACKING OF LAWRENCE, KANSAS
Approximately 117 men and boys died and approximately $1.5 million worth of property destroyed in the massacre at Lawrence, Kansas. Storming into the town at dawn, nearly 450 Confederate and Missouri bushwhackers under William Clarke Quantrill sacked, burned and murdered. Only women and small children were spared, though some men escaped the wrath by hiding. The raid grew out of festering bitterness created by the Federal raid on Osceola, Missouri, and by Quantrill’s personal grudge against Lawrence. The target of the attack was Senator James Lane, who was influential in the abolition movement and a key figure in the growth of the Underground Railroad in the vicinity. Both Frank and Jesse James participated in the raid.
August 21, 1864-In an early morning raid, Confederate Major General Nathan Bedford Forrest and 2,000 of his men entered the city of Memphis, Tennessee, held it for part of the day and nearly captured Federal Major Generals Cadwallader C. Washburn and Stephen A. Hurlbut. Capturing the generals was one of three aims of Forrest’s raid – the other two being the secured release of Confederate prisoners at Irving Block Prison, and the recall of Federal troops from Northern Mississippi. The raid failed on two of the three accounts. Only the recall of Federal forces in Northern Mississippi was successful.
(Video-Music-Bobby Horton General Forrest, A Confederate)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7dZk5g9Hl4
(Video-General Nathan Bedford Forrest: Who was he really?)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J9w5RgSJ2eU
Lieutenant General A.P. Hill’s Confederate assaulted Federal Major General Gouverneur K. Warren’s Fifth Corps at the Weldon Railroad on another hot and rainy day. Again, the Confederate attack failed, though the Federals lost 301 killed, wounded and missing. The new Federal line held and Confederate General Robert E. Lee had to accept the loss of the northern section of the Weldon Railroad, an invaluable supply line for Richmond and Petersburg. Total losses for the Battle of the Weldon Railroad totaled 198 Federal’s killed, 1,105 wounded and 3,152 missing for an aggregate loss of 4,455 of approximately 20,000 engaged. Confederate losses are estimated at 1,600 out of approximately 14,000 engaged.

On August 20th in the Civil War.This day in the Civil War. Some pretty bad fighting takes place on this day in the Trans-Mississippi region of the war, with more to come.
(Video-Quantrill's Raiders (1958) - Trailer)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2cXz1sOVuMI
(Video-Stories of the Century:Quantrill and his Raiders full episode) This is another episode of Stories of the Century starring Jim Davis as Railroad detective Matt Clark .This public domain episode is from season 1 episode 5 original air date was February 21 of 1954 . This series won an Emmy Award in 1955 for Best Western Adventure. Fillming locations were Iverson Ranch and Republic Studios.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IqktdTstn4
August 20, 1861- The pro-Union Second Wheeling Convention calls for the creation of the state of Kanawha.
The Confederate government announced that it was sending more commissioners to Europe – especially Great Britain and France – in an effort to secure war supplies.
August 20, 1862-ATTACK ON FORT RIDGELY, MINN.-Sioux Indians under the leadership of Chief Little Crow attack the frontier outpost of Fort Ridgely, Minnesota with 400 warriors. The Indian attack pe*****ted to within a few yards of the log buildings comprising the fort, which did not have a stockade wall for protection. Four artillery pieces deployed around the fort’s parade ground fired upon the Sioux with canister rounds, which dispersed the attackers.
August 20, 1863-The bombardment of Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner continued in Charleston Harbor, while Major General William Rosecrans Federal Army of the Cumberland neared the Tennessee River west of Chattanooga, and more Federal troops arrived at Covington, Kentucky for the offensive in East Tennessee.
In Kansas, guerrilla forces under William Clarke Quantrill approached the unsuspecting anti-slavery town of Lawrence.
August 20, 1864-Despite skirmishing along the Weldon Railroad near Globe Tavern, south of Petersburg, Virginia, the Confederates temporarily suspended their efforts to dislodge the Federal troops in the area. Confederate President Jefferson Davis expressed his distress at the presence of Federal troops on the Weldon Railroad.
In the Shenandoah Valley, skirmishing between Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early’s forces and Federal Major General Phil Sheridan’s troops continued with action at Berryville and Opequon Creek in Virginia, and at Bulltown, West Virginia.
Fighting occurred at Lovejoy’s Station on the Macon and Western Railroad in Georgia.

On August 19th in the Civil War.This day in the Civil War. Most Americans simply do not know that the Plains Indian Wars began in earnest during the American Civil War since the media focused so much attention on the events back East.(Laura Ingalls Wilder's remarkable Little House on the Prairie almost never gotten written because of events of this day in Minnesota.)
August 19, 1861- -Henry Halleck promoted to Major General
(Video-Dakota Uprising of 1862 - Fort Ridgely and New Ulm)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZHPHhfFAqk
(Video-1862 Dakota Let Them Eat Grass 10 min)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWczS56feJw
(Video-Fort Ridgely State Park)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_Cx57ponL0
August 19, 1862-BATTLE OF NEW ULMThe Battles of New Ulm were two battles in August of the Dakota War of 1862. The settlement of New Ulm, Minnesota, had 900 settlers around the time and was the largest settlement near the Sioux reservation. After the Battle of Fort Ridgely, the town was seen as a tempting target for a Sioux attack. The topography of the town also presented an advantage for the Sioux, since the land rises some 200 feet out of the Minnesota River valley in two large steps (terraces), with wooded area to provide cover for an attack. Six settlers were killed and five wounded as the U.S.-Dakota War escalated for the second day. The town of New Ulm, located at the confluence of the Minnesota and Cottonwood rivers, in northern western Minnesota, was attacked by 100 Dakota warriors firing on the city from a bluff behind the town. More than a thousand settlers, including “Little House on the Prairie’s” John Ingalls, were barricaded on New Ulm’s main street while three-hundred citizen-soldiers, including Ingalls, returned fire. The battle ended when an approaching thunderstorm discouraged the Dakota Indians from continuing their attack.
August 19, 1863-Northern authorities resumed the draft in New York City with no difficulties, although troops protected the draft headquarters against a repetition of the disastrous riots of July.
In Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, the guns boomed for a third day against Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner.
(Video-The Petersburg Campaign: Part I - Civil War 150th Anniversary)The 150th anniversary of the Petersburg Campaign began in June 2014. This Video depicts the first several actions of the nine month long campaign, including the initial assaults by Generals Butler and Meade, the Battles of Deep Bottom, the infamous Crater, the efforts to take the Weldon Railroad and the Beefsteak Raid.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kHI_nnpdiWU
August 19, 1864-BATTLE OF THE WELDON RAILROAD CONTINUES
During the afternoon, troops of Confederate Lieutenant General A.P. Hill’s corps hit Federal Major General Gouverneur K. Warren’s infantry in the dense woods south of Petersburg, Virginia. The Union forces suffered severe casualties and had to pull back towards Globe Tavern, which they had seized the day before. The Federals still held the vital railroad but it came at a high cost of 382 killed and wounded and 2,518 missing. Confederate casualties are uncertain.
Skirmishing occurred near Opequon Creek on the Berryville and Wi******er Pike as Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early’s forces continued to clash with the Federal Army of the Shenandoah under Major General Phil Sheridan.

On August 18th in the Civil War. This day in the Civil War. Lincoln gets a new toy to play with.
(Video-Spencer repeating rifle originally tested by Abraham Lincoln. 1860s American Civil War unique design)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Ach-NrNlbI
(Video-Henry Rifle vs Spencer Rifle with R. Lee Ermey)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f4kN-AQLVD4
August 18, 1861- George B. McClellan takes control of the Department of the Potomac. First is his preoccupation with retreat--he wants Stone to be ready to retreat if the enemy attacks. Second, his belief in imaginary threats--the Confederates are building defensive coastal batteries on the Potomac River south of Washington, DC. McClellan sees these defensive works as a sign that the Confederates plan to cross the Potomac where it is widest and invade Maryland, despite the presence of the Union fleet and the complete absence of Confederate warships in the Potomac.
McClellan sounds more than a little panicked and closes his letter with a reference to gaining time to make more "arrangements" and receive more "re-enforcement." It would become a common refrain from McClellan.
August 18, 1862-Little Crow led a group that attacked the Lower Sioux (Redwood) Agency. Andrew Myrick, who is believed to have said “Let them eat grass!” during the uproar over the extension of credit to the Dakota while they waited for the late annuity payment, was among the first killed. He tried to escape through a second-floor window at the agency. His body was later found with grass stuffed into his mouth. Warriors burned buildings at the Lower Sioux Agency which provided enough of a delay for people to escape across the river at Redwood Ferry.
Governor Alexander Ramsey dispatched the 5th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to quell the uprising. They were defeated at the Battle of Redwood Ferry and lost 24 soldiers including John Marsh, their captain, in battle.
Throughout the day, Dakota war parties killed a large number of settlers while numerous settlements including Milford Township, Leavenworth Township and the town of Sacred Heart were surrounded and burned.
August 18, 1863-The second day of heavy bombardment at Charleston against Fort Sumter and Battery Wagner showed that the Federals were tenacious in their attempts to reduce the Confederate forts. Although severely damaged, the Confederate garrisons held on despite the pounding fire.
President Abraham Lincoln tested the new Spencer rifle in Washington by firing a few shots in Treasury Park.
August 18, 1864-BATTLE OF THE WELDON RAILROAD BEGINS
The Federal Fifth Corps under Major General Gouverneur K. Warren left the Petersburg lines and moved to the west of the Federal siege positions and occupied over a mile of the vital Weldon Railroad running south from Petersburg. After taking the area around Globe Tavern, Yellow House, and Blick’s Station, Warren turned northward facing Petersburg. Terrain and Confederate Major General Henry Heth’s troops, they were halted in the woods south of the city. Despite the heat and heavy rain, the Federal troops made their first important move since the Battle of the Mine to pe*****te towards Petersburg. It cost them 544 killed and wounded plus 292 missing.
In the Shenandoah Valley, Federal Major General Phil Sheridan pulled out of Berryville, Virginia and headed towards Charles Town, West Virginia. When Confederate Lieutenant General Jubal Early learned of this movement, he moved his forces towards Bunker Hill, north of Wi******er. Fighting occurred along Opequon Creek.
Federal Lieutenant General Ulysses Grant, for the second time in the war, refused to exchange Confederate prisoners of war believing that such an exchange would prolong the war. The Confederates urged the exchange on humanitarian grounds and because they could use their men now in Federal hands. Consequently, they were severely strained to feed, house, clothe and guard Federals under their control.
(Video clip-Andersonville)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7FmUm6rS024