Black umbrella university

“The Death of Astyanax”

By Edouard-Théophile Blanchard

c. 1868

It was awarded the Prix de Rome, 1868.

Astyanax was the son of Hector, prince of Troy, and Andromache…

After Troy fell, the Greeks feared that Astyanax might grow up and avenge his father or rebuild Troy…

According to post-Iliad sources — especially Euripides and repeated by Pausanias (Description of Greece 10.25.9) — Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), son of Achilles, threw Astyanax from the walls of Troy…

The R haplogroup, which back migrated into Africa around 5000 BC (R1b-V88) is not “African” in the same sense as E1b1a, as its ancestors spent approximately 60,000 years outside the continent, primarily in Eurasia…

R1b-V88 was initially identified in Serbian hunter-gatherers around 10,000 years ago, followed by its detection in ancient Sardinian populations approximately 7,000 years ago…

This suggests that the V88 branch first appeared in eastern Europe, mixed into Early European farmers (EEF) and then spread with EEF to the western Mediterranean…

R1b-V88 traces back to Eastern European Mesolithic hunter gatherers and later spread with the Neolithic expansion into Iberia and Sardinia…

Eurasian backflow brought the Y chromosome lineage R1b-V88 [and T] into Africa…

The Eurasian backflow into Africa came from a population closely related to Early Neolithic farmers who had colonized Europe 4,000 years earlier…

The backflow came from the same genetic source that fueled the Neolithic expansion into Europe from the Near East…

If the backflow into Africa came from the same genetic source that fueled the Neolithic expansion into Europe from the Near East—then modern Sahelian populations with R1b-V88 could have a genetic legacy that traces back to early Neolithic farmers…

In simpler terms, people with darker skin, often referred to as so called “blacks,” lived in Eurasia for thousands of years and played a significant role in developing Neolithic cultures across Europe before some groups eventually migrated back into Africa…

Two aboriginal of America

DUBH GALLS (The Black skinned boar/Turk)

Of those West Highland specimens, perhaps as good an example as any will be found in the person of Allan Mac Ruari, a "black heathén" of the fifteenth century…

His portrait is preserved in a Gaelic song, composed after his death, and written down afterwards by the famous Dean of Lismore, in whose Book, as translated by Dr. McLauchlan, the lines may be read…

The poem, or song, is a hearty outburst of relief at his death, and exultation over his probable fate…

It begins thus—

“The one demon of the Gael is dead,
A tale 'tis well to remember,
Fierce ravager of Church and cross,
The bald-head, heavy, worthless boar.”

The fifteenth-century Gaelic poem, just quoted, speaks of the pirate, Allan MacRuari, as “the one demon of the Gael," saying also—

“Then, when came the black-skinned boar,
Many the devils in his train,"—

In the second reference of this kind he receives another epithet:—he is "the black-skinned boar."

And it is stated that "many were the devils in his train."

It must first be remembered that a common, if unpleasant, epithet applied to the black race, is that of "devil."

This term of "devil" was at one time quite commonly used to denote certain races of black men, as will be more distinctly pointed out hereafter…

So the black-skinned Allan and his band of swarthy “devils" were simply dubh galls…

The name seems to have been chiefly applied to the black Tartar tribes…

British peasants—in many districts—possess many tales that are akin to, or identical with, those of the "Arabian Nights."

Whether such tales are oftenest found among the swarthier sections can hardly be known; but one of those collectors who has given us many stories of dusky warriors, with Eastern characteristics, has more than once passed a remark upon the tawny complexions of the people from whom he got those "Popular Tales:" such people forming part of the population of the "Isles of the Foreigners," and often claiming a descent from the dubh galls referred to…

Of these inroads, and settlements, and conquests, there are numberless traditions in these "Islands of Frangistan."

The nigrae gentes, or dubh galls, or "black Danars," are remembered by many other names in British speech; as “thieving Tartarians," as "marauding companies of Moors or Saracens," and, very likely, as "Turks."

When the word Turk occurs in Gaelic it is translated "a boar”

Whether or not the word has signified " boar" longer than “Turk," it seems to have often been used to denote the man who resembled the animal; and not the animal itself…

But it seems quite as legitimate to translate the word "Turk." as to translate it
"Boar" (or sometimes the feminine name)

Because Tuirc signifies equally "of or belonging to a Turk," and "of or belonging to a Boar."

In the Story of Conall Gulban, Conall and his comrades are warring against Turcaich, properly translated "Turks" by Mr. J. F. Campbell…

But it would be as reasonable to use the word "Boar" in this story, as to use it in the song of Allan Mac Ruari (Roderick, or Roderigo, or Rory, or Ruy)

He is spoken of as "the black-skinned boar”; but we should probably understand his position better as "the black-skinned Turk."

That, therefore, the "Moors or Saracens" who are remembered in British tradition as "making depredations" in various quarters, were also known as "Turks," is very probable…

Indeed, a meaning which this word, Torc, bears in Ireland, shows that it has been used to designate a race of rulers…

Because, in Ireland, Torc not only means "a boar," but it also means "a sovereign; a lord."

Now, Ireland could never have been governed by four-footed boars; though much of it felt the power of the Black Tartarians of the Baltic…

And these must have been the kind of "black boars" whose rule is still remembered in British topography…

In Galloway, also, which is a district celebrated for the inroads of "Moors or Saracens," from whom have come many clans distinguished by the Saracenic emblem of the crescent moon, there were people who, so recently as the year 1666, were armed with "crooked swords, like Turks."

We are told that this kind of sword was
"a common weapon with the [Black] Danes;" to whom it was known as an ategar; being "the same scythe-shaped weapon as the Turkish 'yataghan.'”

Indeed, the descriptions given of Black Danish arms and armour are consistently Oriental; scale-armour, damascened battle-axes, gilded helmets and hilts, and "the same scythe-shaped weapon as the Turkish 'yataghan :'"

There are numerous traditions, all over the British Islands, of "black men" of fierce disposition; and certain British sea-boards still retain legends of "devils" who attack coasting vessels, and either kill the mariners, or rob them of all they possess…

There is no doubt that a large detachment of such "Saracens" hailed from the port of Algiers; and that they had a remote political and ethnical connection with the northern “Saracens;" but many of these traditions clearly relate to the latter division of those people…

That they were fierce, intolerant, and over-bearing; that they burnt, plundered, killed and ravished without mercy; and that they practiced such barbarities as scalping, impaling babies upon their spear points, and every form of torture that could be devised; all this cannot be questioned…

But they also possessed much material civilization; silks, jewels, gold and silver, the games of chess, cards, dice, & the use of money—in short, many, if not all, of the attributes of the great Eastern Empire whose coinage was theirs, and whose supremacy they may have occasionally acknowledged…

SOURCE;

(Ancient and Modern Britons; 1889)

Polychrome stone statue of of Kaspar, the youngest of the Three Magi, with scimitar, golden cup and coat of arms of the Holy Roman Empire (crowned double-headed eagle), standing on the column of a fountain. The column is inscribed with the date 1609.

Painting of king Caspar)
by Hendrick Heerschop (1626- 1690).

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