09/30/2026
I studied 43 home languages and sorted them by one question: do their number words clearly show base-ten place value?
Some languages make that structure easy to hear. Others, including English, hide parts of it. In English, "eleven" and "twelve" give a child no clue that they mean ten-and-one and ten-and-two.
Children can arrive at school with different amounts of math built into the language they've heard since birth.
The difference shows up years later. Take 23 × 57 with the box method: 20 × 50, 20 × 7, 3 × 50, and 3 × 7 give 1,000, 140, 150, and 21. Adding those four numbers depends on knowing what each digit represents.
Number experiences from birth to age six matter years later.
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