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Basic Vocabulary
The cardinal numbers are divided into three groups:
a) the numeral një (one).
b) the numbers from two to five (corresponding to the Indo-European numerals).
c)the numbers from six to ten, derived from Indo-European numerals plus the suffix të/dë.

The numbers from eleven to nineteen have the following structure:
një (one)-mbë (on)-dhjetë (ten)
dy (two)-mbë (on)-dhjetë (ten) and so on.

Decades are formed: one-twenty, three-ten, two-twenty, four-ten, five-ten, etc.

Words for hundred and thousand are borrowed from Latin.

one: një
two: dy
three: tre (masculine), tri (feminine)
four: katër
five: pesë
six: gjashtë
seven: sthatë
eight: tetë
nine: nëntë
ten: dhjetë
hundred: njëqind
thousand: mijë

father: atë, baba
mother: nënë/amë
brother: vëlla
sister: motër
son: bir
daughter: bijë

head: kokë/kaptinë
face: fytyrë
eye: sy
hand: dorë
foot: këmbë
heart: zemër
tongue: gjuhë

definiteness: there is an indefinite article identical to the number one (një) equivalent to English a/an e.g. një bukë (a/one bread). To express a plural indefinite ca ('some') or disa ('several') may be used. Definiteness is expressed by adding a postpositive article i.e. a suffix to the noun. Thus, every noun has an indefinite and a definite form. Most masculine nouns make their definite form with -i, but those that end in, k, g, h, or in a stressed vowel take the definite article -u. Feminine nouns ending in ë form their definite by dropping this vowel and taking a; those that end in i make their definite by suffixing -a, and the remaining ones by adding -ja. These suffixes are inflected for number and case (see declension below).
For example:

a) masculine
korp (‘body’) → korpi (‘the body’)
mal (‘mountain’) → mali (‘the mountain’)
mik (‘friend’) → miku (‘the friend’)
ká (‘ox’) → kau (‘the ox’)

b) feminine
gjuhë (‘language’) → gjuha (‘the language’)
sthëpi (‘house’) → sthëpia (‘the house’)
kalá (‘castle’) → kalája (‘the castle’)
nuse (‘bride’) → nusja (‘the bride’)1

1. When the noun ends in an unstressed e, this is elided.

mood: indicative, admirative, subjunctive, conditional, optative, imperative, jussive.
The admirative mood expresses surprise or disagreement. The subjunctive and conditional express potentiality and possibility. The subjunctive can also function as an infinitive. The optative expresses a wish, the jussive a suggestion or proposal, the imperative a command.

There are 7 tenses in the indicative mood, 4 in the admirative (present, imperfect, present perfect, past perfect), 4 in the subjunctive (present, imperfect, present perfect, past perfect), 2 in the conditional (present, past), 2 in the optative (present, present perfect) and 1 in the imperative (present).

The subjunctive uses the subordinator particle të. The present indicative and subjunctive differ only in the 2nd and 3rd persons singular. The imperfect subjunctive is identical to that of the indicative. The present perfect of the subjunctive is formed in the same manner as that of the indicative, except that a present subjunctive form of kam is used. The present conditional is formed in the same way as the future, except that an imperfect subjunctive form of the verb is used. The past conditional is similar but uses a perfect subjunctive form.

tense: present, future, and five past tenses, namely present perfect, definite past, imperfect, past perfect, pluperfect.
Albanian has developed some analytical features, such as the formation of perfect and future tenses with auxiliary verbs. The present perfect describes events that took place and were completed in the past but have some connection with the present. The definite past refers to a single event in the past. There is a general tendency to replace the definite past with the past perfect.
The present and imperfect have the same basic stem while the stem of the definite past is different. The perfect tenses (present perfect, past perfect, pluperfect) and the future are formed with auxiliary verbs.
The present perfect is formed with the present of kam (‘to have’) plus the past participle. The pluperfect and past perfect are also formed with the auxiliary kam. In the pluperfect, the past definite form of kam is used, and in the past perfect, the imperfect form of kam. The future tense is formed with the auxiliary verb dua (‘to want’) in the fossil form do + the present subjunctive.

The conjugation of the verb laj (‘to wash’) in the indicative mood is as follows:

Script and Orthography:
Until the early 20th century, Albanian has been written in the Greek, Latin, Arabic and Cyrillic scripts. In 1908 the Latin alphabet was adopted for all dialects of Albanian. The present Albanian alphabet contains 36 characters, including a number of digraphs (equivalents in the International Phonetic Alphabet are shown between brackets):