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In batteries, electrolytes are used to conduct the movement of charged ions (like lithium ions in a li-ion battery, or potassium hydroxide in a non-rechargeable battery) between the positive and negative ends, called the cathode and anode, respectively. Electrons gather at the anode, where they repel each other and want to move to an area with fewer electrons, leading them to travel along a circuit to the positive cathode. When an object like a lightbulb is placed along that circuit, the electrons are forced to move through it before moving on to the anode. But none of this can work without the medium of the electrolyte. And primary batteries don’t work forever.

In the case of pacemaker batteries, they only last about five to 10 years, says Gao. But to try to extend that, what Gao and her team did was choose a different liquid material for the electrolyte; it’s actually a combination of an electrolyte and a cathode, which they call a catholyte. “Most traditional batteries use a solid cathode material,” Gao says. But in this case, that material and the electrolyte, a lot of which is dead weight, Gao says, have been swapped out in favor of the combined cathode and electrolyte solution to increase efficiency in the battery.

“Now we have more of the mass of the battery actually being used for energy conversion,” says Betar Gallant, associate professor of mechanical engineering at MIT.

The researchers’ initial analyses estimated that the battery’s energy density could increase by 50 percent, but so far, their research has only resulted in a 20 percent increase. Still, Gao says this is mostly due to limitations of their lab setup, and 50 percent is still the goal. “We think it’s still achievable,” says Gao.

Typically these non-rechargeable options, also called primary batteries, already have a higher energy capacity than rechargeable ones do, meaning they make good candidates for products like medical implants, which can’t be easily recharged (yet). But of course, like all primary batteries, even those in medical implants run out of juice eventually.

Here’s how they usually work.

Most primary batteries contain electrolytes, which you might be familiar with from sports drinks like Gatorade, as opposed to batteries. But they’re the same thing. Electrolytes are just substances that split into ions when dissolved in a solution, which in the case of our bodies, conduct electrical charges that make our muscles move, among other things.

Сливочная томатная паста с чесноком

📋 ИНГРИДИЕНТЫ

🔵 Паста – 500 г
🔵 Томатная паста – 400 г
🔵 Сливки 30%-ные – по вкусу
🔵 Базилик – по вкусу
🔵 Зелень – по вкусу
🔵 Морская соль – по вкусу
🔵 Молотый черный перец – по вкусу
🔵 Сыр – 100 г
🔵 Оливковое масло – по вкусу
🔵 Чеснок – 2 головки

1 Отварите пасту. Всегда помните о золотой пропорции — 1000 мл воды/100 грамм пасты/10 грамм соли. Лучше всего, когда паста из твердых сортов пшеницы.
2 Поле того, как паста готова, добавляем соль, перец, оливковое масло, чеснок. Затем томатную пасту и сливки. Выкладываем все на сковороду, погреться.
3 Добавляем зелень и сыр, по вкусу.
4 Подаем с минеральной водой.

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