Meteorology

Welcome back, It has been a while without posting on this page.
Today I will explain the meaning of METEOROLOGY as the field of study.

Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere, atmospheric phenomena, and atmospheric effects on our weather. The atmosphere is the gaseous layer of the physical environment that surrounds a planet. Earth’s atmosphere is roughly 100 to 125 kilometers (65-75 miles) thick. Gravity keeps the atmosphere from expanding much farther.
A Person pursued meteorology is called a meteorologist,
Meteorologists use scientific principles to observe, explain, and forecast our weather. They often focus on atmospheric research or operational weather forecasting. Research meteorologists cover several subdisciplines of meteorology to include: climate modeling, remote sensing, air quality, atmospheric physics, and climate change. They also research the relationship between the atmosphere and Earth’s climates, oceans, and biological life.

History of Meteorology

The development of meteorology is deeply connected to developments in science, math, and technology. The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the first major study of the atmosphere around 340 BCE. Many of Aristotle’s ideas were incorrect, however, because he did not believe it was necessary to make scientific observations.

A growing belief in the scientific method profoundly changed the study of meteorology in the 17th and 18th centuries. Evangelista Torricelli, an Italian physicist, observed that changes in air pressure were connected to changes in weather. In 1643, Torricelli invented the barometer, to accurately measure the pressure of air. The barometer is still a key instrument in understanding and forecasting weather systems. In 1714, Daniel Fahrenheit, a German physicist, developed the mercury thermometer. These instruments made it possible to accurately measure two important atmospheric variables.

There was no way to quickly transfer weather data until the invention of the telegraph by American inventor Samuel Morse in the mid-1800s. Using this new technology, meteorological offices were able to share information and produce the first modern weather maps. These maps combined and displayed more complex sets of information such as isobars (lines of equal air pressure) and isotherms (lines of equal temperature). With these large-scale weather maps, meteorologists could examine a broader geographic picture of weather and make more accurate forecasts.

In the 1920s, a group of Norwegian meteorologists developed the concepts of air masses and fronts that are the building blocks of modern weather forecasting. Using basic laws of physics, these meteorologists discovered that huge cold and warm air masses move and meet in patterns that are the root of many weather systems.

Military operations during World War I and World War II brought great advances to meteorology. The success of these operations was highly dependent on weather over vast regions of the globe. The military invested heavily in training, research, and new technologies to improve their understanding of weather. The most important of these new technologies was radar, which was developed to detect the presence, direction, and speed of aircraft and ships. Since the end of World War II, radar has been used and improved to detect the presence, direction, and speed of precipitation and wind patterns.

The technological developments of the 1950s and 1960s made it easier and faster for meteorologists to observe and predict weather systems on a massive scale. During the 1950s, computers created the first models of atmospheric conditions by running hundreds of data points through complex equations. These models were able to predict large-scale weather, such as the series of high- and low-pressure systems that circle our planet.

TIROS I, the first meteorological satellite, provided the first accurate weather forecast from space in 1962. The success of TIROS I prompted the creation of more sophisticated satellites. Their ability to collect and transmit data with extreme accuracy and speed has made them indispensable to meteorologists. Advanced satellites and the computers that process their data are the primary tools used in meteorology today.

Meteorology Today

Today’s meteorologists have a variety of tools that help them examine, describe, model, and predict weather systems. These technologies are being applied at different meteorological scales, improving forecast accuracy and efficiency.

Radar is an important remote sensing technology used in forecasting. A radar dish is an active sensor in that it sends out radio waves that bounce off particles in the atmosphere and return to the dish. A computer processes these pulses and determines the horizontal dimension of clouds and precipitation, and the speed and direction in which these clouds are moving.

A new technology, known as dual-polarization radar, transmits both horizontal and vertical radio wave pulses. With this additional pulse, dual-polarization radar is better able to estimate precipitation. It is also better able to differentiate types of precipitation—rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Dual-polarization radar will greatly improve flash-flood and winter-weather forecasts.

Tornado research is another important component of meteorology. Starting in 2009, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the National Science Foundation conducted the largest tornado research project in history, known as VORTEX2. The VORTEX2 team, consisting of about 200 people and more than 80 weather instruments, traveled more than 16,000 kilometers (10,000 miles) across the Great Plains of the United States to collect data on how, when, and why tornadoes form. The team made history by collecting extremely detailed data before, during, and after a specific tornado. This tornado is the most intensely examined in history and will provide key insights into tornado dynamics.

Satellites are extremely important to our understanding of global scale weather phenomena. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and NOAA operate three Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) that provide weather observations for more than 50 percent of the Earth’s surface.

GOES-15, launched in 2010, includes a solar X-ray imager that monitors the sun’s X-rays for the early detection of solar phenomena, such as solar flares. Solar flares can affect military and commercial satellite communications around the globe. A highly accurate imager produces visible and infrared images of Earth’s surface, oceans, cloud cover, and severe storm developments. Infrared imagery detects the movement and transfer of heat, improving our understanding of the global energy balance and processes such as global warming, convection, and severe weather.

🇧​🇱​🇦​🇨​🇰​ 🇭​🇴​🇱​🇪​ of our galaxy milky way 🌌

Kitu kikiingia humo hakiwezi kutoka , kwani huvutwa kwa nguvu kubwa mno ya mvutano. (Strong gravitational fields)
Hivyo kupelekea kuwa ni eneo. La maajabu (mysterious) zone
Black holes zilitabiliwa na mwanasayansi (theoretical physicist) 🇦​🇱​🇧​🇪​🇷​🇹​ 🇪​🇮​🇳​🇸​🇹​🇪​🇮​🇳​. katika theory yake ya (relativity theory) .Jana tarehe 6 octoba 2020 wanasayansi watatu walikabidhiwa 🇹​🇺​🇿​🇴​ ya nobel katika physics baada ya kuprove uwepo wa black holes na kuonyesha mathematical equations zinazo govern heavenly body motions.

To be cont...

Ｓａｙａｎｓｉ ｌｅｏ

Dunia imeshuhudia tuzo ya 🇳​🇴​🇧​🇪​🇱​ katika fizikia ikitolewa 🇱​🇪​🇴​ , tarehe 6 octoba kwa wana sayansi watatu(3) ROGER PENROSE wa chuo kikuu cha Oxford inchini Uingeleza, REINHARD GANZEL wa chuo cha The max plank Institute for. Extraterrestrial physics inchini Ujerumani na ANDREA GHEZ wa UCLA.
Tuzo hii imetolewa kutokana na wanasayansi. Hawa kufanya utafiti na kuthibitisha (prove) uwepo wa 🇧​🇱​🇦​🇨​🇰​ 🇭​🇴​🇱​🇪​🇸​(mashimo meusi) katika Galaxy mbalimbali ikiwa wao wameprove uwepo wa black holes katika galaxy yetu .ya. 🇲​🇮​🇱​🇰​🇾​ 🇼​🇦​🇾​
Wazo ambalo lilitolewa na mwanasayansi maridadi kuwahi kutokea (🇸​🇮​🇷​ 🇦​🇱​🇧​🇪​🇷​🇹​ 🇪​🇮​🇳​🇸​🇹​🇪​🇮​🇳)
Einstein aliamini kuwepo kwa black holes japokuwa alishindwa kuprove .

Ｊｅ
. Ｂｌａｃｋ ｈｏｌｅｓ ｎｉｎｉ?

Ni vitu/maeneo vyenye/yenye uzito mkubwa(massive) na kani kubwa ya mvutano (strong gravitational fields) kiasi kwamba kitu chochote kikikaribia katika maeneo. Hayo vitavuta kwa nguvu bila kuachiliwa ( kwa lugha nyingine vitu vyote haviwezi kukatiza karibu bila kunaswa) ikiwa ni pamoja na mwanga (light!) .
Black holes huwa zipo. Katika ya galaxy husika mfano katika galaxy yetu ya milky way 🌌 kuna black hole 🕳️ ambayo ipo katikati ya hii galaxy ndio maana vitu vyote vimeshikiliwa na nguvu kubwa ya mvutano ya black hole hii ikiwa ni pamoja na mabilioni ya nyota, sayari na miezi yake. MFANO Dunia inazunguka JUA pamoja na sayari zingine kwa pamoja zinatengeneza mfumo wa jua(solar system) , ambayo ni sehemu ndogo kabisa ya galaxy yetu .mfumo huu umeshikiliwa na kani kubwa ya mvutano inayotokana hii black hole.

Black hole 🕳️ ni very massive na inastrong gravitational field kubwa sana kiasi. Kwamba hata mwamba hauwezi kukatiza katikati yake ndio. Sababu zikaitwa Black holes.
Black hole 🕳️ iliopo kweye galaxy yetu imeshikilia na kuvuta kila kitu towards its center.

To be continued...

Let's resume:
THE MILKY WAY

As we have seen from the last post, the universe is composed of billions of galaxies ,one among of these is OUR HOME SWEET Galaxy (milky way).

Milky way have billions of STARS including the so called SOLAR SYSTEM .REMAINDING YOU [(all these billions of galaxies and billions of stars are in motion and are held by gravitational force)] , so try to figure out!!

Now let's focus on :SOLAR SYSTEM,
It's consisted of the SUN as the central body which is the source of all energies to this system, there are planets (9 identified planets) moving around the sun including our home sweet planet (EARTH).

THE EARTH
It's the third planet from the SUN and the ONLY confirmed planet which supports life .
This is because it holds an ATMOSPHERE which contains different gases i.e oxygen,nitrogen,water vapor,carbondioxide and other many gases. It holds water bodies and land surfaces which supports and acts as habitats of living things.


THE ATMOSPHERE

THIS IS THE AREA WHERE OUR SUBJECT SPECIFICALLY BASES. AS WE SAID PREVIOUSLY
meteorology IS THE SCIENCE OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

Talking about the atmosphere is the layer of gases or simply the ocean of gases around the Earth. So the composition of the atmosphere is :
Nitrogen (78%),Oxygen (21%),Argon(1%),traces of carbonidioxide,Neon,Helium,Hydrogen,OZONE,Water vapor,etc.

The atmosphere is classified and divided into several layer due to the differences in properties and positions of these layers.
These layers include (Troposphere,Stratosphere,Mesosphere,Thermosphere and the furthest layer is Exosphere it's about 500km from the Earth's surface).

Note: all these layers are arranged basing on temperature variations.

# Out of these layers we shall focus more on TROPOSPHERE because is the one which interacts directly with our planet also this is the layer in which most of WEATHER activities take place .

NOW, WHY METEOROLOGY???

Since I begun explaining the theory of the origin of the UNIVERSE. We have figured out: The UNIVERSE is in motion expanding and expanding,GALAXIES are in motion ,STARS are in motion,PLANETS are in motion so we may conclude that every thing in the UNIVERSE is moving including OUR ATMOSPHERE.

Meteorology was previously meant weather predictions based on historical backgrounds,
In 20th century meteorology became more significant due to the aid of computer.
It started using spatial weather data which are collected with short intervals of time then being fed in computers as inputs and give out puts as results (this is known as mathematical MODELING).
As we have seen ,we are dealing with parameters which are in motion and are varying each time , This is the reason we use laws of physics and mathematics to deal with this VARYING ATMOSPHERE. example we use collected data and we design a SUITABLE MATHEMATICAL EQUATION WHICH INCLUDES ALL RELEVANT AND REQUIRED PARAMETERS ie temperature,precipitation,pressure,wind speed and direction,sun radiation intensity,...., THEN with the aid of computer programming we subject all this conditions into a program with inputs/arguments (to make it simple ..all those processes we arrive into different models/weather models).

TO BE CONTINUED..........

Let's start .
THE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE.

As the part of introduction on this platform, METEOROLOGY deals with the ATMOSPHERE which is very dynamic and this is because it belongs to the UNIVERSE which is also dynamic and infinite.
THE UNIVERSE IS ESTIMATED TO HAVE 13.8 BILION YEARS SINCE WAS FORMED. It is said to be formed due to THE BIG BANG ,It is said that initially it was a heavily, concentrated massive body with high density the it exploded (big bang) and started expanding from there ,now and then.
The expansion lead to the formation of billions of GALAXIES with billions of STARS,PLANETS and all heaven bodies. Mind you the UNIVERSE is still expanding so it's dynamic and all bodies contained in it all are in motion rotating and revolving.
The planet Earth belongs to the Galaxy named MILKY WAY.