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𝗕𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗜𝗻𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝘂𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝟮𝟭𝘀𝘁 𝗖𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘂𝗿𝘆: 𝗠𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 🔬🧫🦠

𝟏. 𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐲𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐬 𝐚𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐬
● It is a gram positive cocci shaped organism.
● It is found in the nassal passage and skin of humans and other mammals worldwide.
● Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body.
● It is difficult to treat because of resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics.

𝟐. 𝐒𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐜𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐬 𝐩𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐞
● It is a gram positive cocci shaped organism.
● It is found in upper respiratory tract.
● They causes pneumoniae and otitis in children.

𝟑. 𝐄. 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐢
● It is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria.
● It is normally live in the intestines of healthy people and animals.
● Most types of E. coli are harmless or cause relatively brief diarrhea.
● But a few strains, such as E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe stomach cramps, bloody diarrhea and vomiting.

𝟒. 𝐒𝐚𝐥𝐦𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚
● It is a gram negative rod shaped bacteria.
● They live in animal and human intestines and are shed through stool (f***s).
● Humans become infected most frequently through contaminated water or food.

𝟓. 𝐁𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐮𝐬
● It is a gram positive rod shaped bacteria.
● Commonly found in soil, food and marine sponges.
● They causes food poisoning by the ingestion of food contaminated with enterotoxigenic B. cereus or the emetic toxin.

𝟔. 𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐛𝐨𝐭𝐮𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐮𝐦
● It is a gram positive rod shaped bacteria.
● It produces dangerous toxins (botulinum toxins) under low-oxygen conditions.
● Botulinum toxins block nerve functions and can lead to respiratory and muscular paralysis.

𝟕. 𝐁𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐚 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐮𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐬
● It's a gram negative coccobacillus.
● Its the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough.

𝟖. 𝐕𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐨 𝐜𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐞
● It's a gram negative comma shaped bacteria.
● Mainly found in marine water.
● Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with Vibrio cholerae bacteria.
● People can get sick when they swallow food or water contaminated with cholera bacteria.
● The infection is often mild or without symptoms, but can sometimes be severe and life-threatening.

𝟗. 𝐇𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐲𝐥𝐨𝐫𝐢
● Gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral bacterium.
● Mainly found in stomach.
● They can cause peptic ulcer.
● For some people, an infection can lead to stomach cancer.

𝟏𝟎. 𝐍𝐞𝐢𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐫𝐫𝐡𝐨𝐞𝐚𝐞
● Gram-negative diplococci.
● It's a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD).
● It infects the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract, including the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in women, and the urethra in women and men.

𝟏𝟏. 𝐓𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐦𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐦
● Its a spirochaete bacterium.
● It's a causative agent of Syphilis.



Cabdulahi Garboole

𝗗𝗶𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗕𝗲𝘁𝘄𝗲𝗲𝗻 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗡𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮: 𝗠𝗲𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗴𝘆 🔬🦠🧫
● Gram positive and gram negative bacteria are the two types of bacteria, differentiated by the gram staining technique.
● Gram staining was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.
● The stain used during the technique is crystal violet.
● Gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to antibiotics due to the lack of an outer membrane.
● Since gram negative bacteria contain an outer membrane, they are less susceptible to antibiotics.
● Therefore, gram negative bacteria are more pathogenic compared to gram positive bacteria.
● The cell walls of Gram positive bacteria differ structurally from the cell walls of Gram negative bacteria.
● The primary component of bacterial cell walls is 𝐏𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐝𝐨𝐠𝐥𝐲𝐜𝐚𝐧.

𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮
● They retain the crystal violet stain during gram staining, giving the positive result.
● Appear in purple color under the microscope.
● The outer membrane is present.
● The peptidoglycan layer is thick and multilayered.
● The periplasmic space is absent.
● The thickness of the cell wall is around 20-80 nm.
● The cell wall is smooth.
● The cell wall contains virtually none lipopolysaccharide content.
● Lipid and lipoprotein content is low in the cell wall.
● The cell wall contains 70-80% murein.
● Porins are absent in the outer membrane.
● Teichoic acid is present in the membrane.
● The basal body of the flagellum contains two rings.
● They do not contain pili.
● Mesosomes are more prominent.
● Highly susceptible to anionic detergents.
● Exotoxins are produced.
● Shows high tolerance towards dryness.
● Inhibition by basic dye is high.
● More susceptible to antibiotics like Penicillin and Sulfonamide.

𝗚𝗿𝗮𝗺 𝗡𝗲𝗴𝗮𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗕𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗮
● They do not retain the crystal violet stain during gram staining, giving the negative result.
● Appear in pink color under the microscope.
● The outer membrane is absent.
● The peptidoglycan layer is thin and single layered.
● The periplasmic space is present.
● The thickness of the cell wall is around 5-10 nm.
● The cell wall is wavy.
● The cell wall contains high lipopolysaccharide content.
● Lipid and lipoprotein content is high in the cell wall.
● The cell wall contains 10-20% murein.
● Porins are present in the outer membrane.
● Teichoic acid is absent in the membrane.
● The basal body of the flagellum contains four rings.
● They contain pili.
● Mesosomes are less prominent.
● Low susceptible to anionic detergents.
● Endotoxins are produced.
● Shows low tolerance towards dryness.
● Inhibition by basic dye is low.
● More resistance to antibiotics. But, they are susceptible to Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline.

Cabdulahi Garboole

The difference between normal serum and lipemic serum 🧪

🔬🧪💉

Waxa ugu badan ee loo dawayn kari waayo xanuunada badankood waa isticmaalka Qalajiyeyaal(antibiotic) uusan dhakhtar kuu Qorin.

Sawirka hoose waa 21 sano ka hor iyo kadib Sida ay hal bacteria iskaga caabisay qalajiyayaal ku dhow 10 nooc o kala duwan.

Fadlan jooji qalajiyaha Aanu dhakhtar kuu Qorin.

Somali-sudanese Medical Association waxa ay qabanysa HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT COURSE oo ay isla kaashanayaan 7 VISION TRANING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CENTER. Taas oo ku baxaysa qaab online ah.
Shahadada waxaa aqoonsan Ministry of Foreign Affairs iyo Sudanes National Council for Medical and Health Professions. Waxa ay kugu soo gaari doontaa shahadadu muddo kooban.

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WHAT IS Rh INCOMPATIBILITY ?

There are four major blood types: A, B, O, and AB. The types are based on substances on the surface of the blood cells.
Another blood type is called Rh. Rh factor is a protein on red blood cells.
Most people are Rh-positive; they have Rh factor. Rh-negative people don't have it. Rh factor is inherited though genes.
When you're pregnant, blood from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance. It will create antibodies (proteins) against the baby's blood. These antibodies usually don't cause problems during a first pregnancy.

But Rh incompatibility may cause problems in later pregnancies, if the baby is Rh-positive. This is because the antibodies stay in your body once they have formed. The antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells. The baby could get Rh disease, a serious condition that can cause a serious type of anemia.

Blood tests can tell whether you have Rh factor and whether your body has made antibodies. Injections of a medicine called Rh immune globulin can keep your body from making Rh antibodies. It helps prevent the problems of Rh incompatibility. If treatment is needed for the baby, it can include supplements to help the body to make red blood cells and blood transfusions.

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Dipylidium caninum is a tapeworm that can cause intestinal infection in humans, which is typically asymptomatic.

# injection technique

Hyper sagmentd NEUTROPHIL

Food allergy is an exaggerated immune response to dietary components, usually proteins. Manifestations vary widely and can include atopic dermatitis, gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms, and anaphylaxis. Diagnosis is by history and sometimes allergen-specific serum IgE testing, skin testing, and/or elimination diets. Treatment is with elimination of the food that triggers the reaction and sometimes oral cromolyn.