My Casual Conversations

Advancing Democratic Participation: Proposing an Online Voting System for the 2028 Elections in Solomon Islands

The substantial costs incurred by individuals who travel from Honiara and other urban centers to their provincial constituencies for voting impose a significant financial burden on the candidates. It was evident in elections prior to 2019 that the requirement for cross-border voting had multiple adverse effects on both candidates and voters. By 2019, one might have expected the development of alternative voting methods to alleviate the financial burdens faced by candidates. Elections are meant to facilitate a democratic process, not to create a prohibitive competition dominated by financial might. The continuation of this trend risks transforming our elections into exclusive events, favouring only those with substantial financial resources. This is antithetical to the democratic ethos which seeks to be inclusive and promote effective political engagement rather than financial hardship.

Looking forward to the 2028 elections, it is imperative that we develop a secure online voting system that enables urban voters of the Solomon Islands to participate in elections without the need to travel back to their home constituencies. This initiative will require careful consideration of several technical, logistical, and legal factors. I propose a comprehensive strategy that prioritizes the security, accessibility, and reliability of the voting system. Such advancements in our electoral process are crucial to ensuring that all citizens have an equal opportunity to participate in the governance of their nation, thereby strengthening our democracy.

The proposed online voting system for the Solomon Islands should be designed to be mobile-first, recognising the high pe*******on of mobile devices in urban regions, thereby ensuring widespread accessibility and ease of use. This approach leverages the ubiquity of smartphones among the urban populace, facilitating a familiar, convenient, and direct method for voters to engage in the electoral process from their current locations. Additionally, for voters who prefer or exclusively have access to desktop computers, the system should also be accessible through a secure web portal. This dual-access approach ensures that no voter is disenfranchised due to the type of technology they have access to.

Key components of this system should include robust user authentication mechanisms to secure the integrity of each vote and prevent electoral fraud. Voter identity verification should be managed through a sophisticated combination of biometric and two-factor authentication (2FA) methods. Biometric authentication, which could include fingerprint scanning or facial recognition, offers a high level of security by utilizing unique physical characteristics of the user. For devices or circumstances where biometric options are not feasible, two-factor authentication should be implemented. This method combines something the voter knows, such as a password, with something the voter possesses, like a uniquely generated code sent via SMS or email, further securing the voting process against potential threats. Together, these authentication methods should ensure that the system remains both secure and user-friendly, enabling a seamless voting experience for all eligible participants.

The secure voting portal should be designed as both a web application and a mobile app, providing voters with a secure and intuitive platform to log in, view their ballots, make selections, and submit their votes securely. To ensure the security of data transmission, HTTPS should be used to encrypt the connection between the voter's device and the server. This protocol safeguards the integrity and confidentiality of data as it travels across the internet, preventing interception or tampering by unauthorized parties.

Furthermore, data encryption should be a cornerstone of the system to ensure that votes are anonymous and tamper-proof once cast. End-to-end encryption should be employed to protect the data from the moment it leaves the voter’s device until it is decrypted by a trusted authority. Additionally, the use of public key infrastructure (PKI) should be integral to the system. With PKI, the server encrypts the data using a public key, while decryption is only possible with a private key held by an independent electoral oversight body. This method not only secures the vote against external threats but also ensures that the voting process remains transparent and accountable, with decryption and vote tallying conducted only under stringent security measures and oversight.

The implementation of blockchain technology should be designed to leverage its potential to create a decentralized and transparent ledger of votes, significantly enhancing the security and trust in the electoral system. Each vote should be recorded as a separate entry in the blockchain, ensuring that once a vote is cast, it cannot be altered. This immutable nature of blockchain provides a robust safeguard against tampering and fraud, reinforcing the integrity of the electoral process.

Regarding the algorithmic approach, the public key encryption algorithm should utilize RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) or ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography). These algorithms are well-established for their robust security in encrypting data. When a vote is cast, it should be encrypted using the public key and then securely stored in the blockchain or a secure database. This method ensures that the data remains confidential and tamper-proof during transmission and storage.

Furthermore, a blockchain consensus algorithm such as Proof of Authority (PoA) should be implemented. PoA is particularly suited for permissioned blockchains used in organizational contexts like elections, where all validators are known and trusted entities, such as electoral commission officials. This consensus mechanism enhances the system's security by preventing unauthorized changes and ensuring that all transactions are validated by trusted parties.

Lastly, a hashing algorithm like SHA-256 should be used to hash voter identities and other sensitive information. This is crucial for maintaining privacy and ensuring the integrity of the data. By converting the voter's information into a unique fixed-size hash, it becomes nearly impossible to reverse-engineer the original data, thereby protecting voter anonymity while securing the voting process from potential data breaches or manipulations.
The implementation of the online voting system should be meticulously planned and executed through several critical steps to ensure its integrity, security, and compliance with legal standards.

1. Development and Testing:
- The system should be developed using secure software development practices that prioritize the security of the voting process from the outset. This includes adopting a security-by-design approach during the development of both the application and its backend.
- Comprehensive testing should be conducted, encompassing pe*******on testing to identify and mitigate vulnerabilities, performance testing to ensure the system can handle high volumes of users, and user acceptance testing to validate the system's functionality and usability. This extensive testing regime is essential to ensure that the system is robust, user-friendly, and secure against potential threats.

2. Pilot Testing:
- Prior to full-scale deployment, a pilot test should be conducted in a controlled environment. This test will serve to validate the entire voting process, from voter registration through to vote tallying. Pilot testing helps identify any operational issues and refine the system based on real-world feedback, thereby ensuring the system’s readiness for actual electoral processes.

3. Legal and Compliance:
- It is crucial to work closely with legal bodies to ensure the online voting system adheres to both national electoral laws and international best practices. This collaboration will help address any legal challenges that may arise and ensure the system’s operations are legally sound.
- The system should also obtain all necessary certifications and approvals before being deployed on a full scale. This includes meeting standards for data protection, cybersecurity, and electoral integrity.

4. Voter Education:
- Voter education campaigns should be conducted to ensure that voters are well-informed about how to use the new system securely and effectively. These campaigns can utilise various media platforms to reach a wide audience and should include clear instructions, demonstrations, and support resources. Educating voters not only facilitates ease of use but also builds trust in the system.

5. Monitoring and Support:
- Establishing a robust support system is essential to assist voters with any technical issues that may arise during the voting period. Additionally, continuous monitoring of the system should be implemented to quickly detect and respond to any signs of tampering or other security concerns. This proactive monitoring is crucial to maintaining the integrity and trustworthiness of the electoral process.

By carefully following these implementation steps, the Solomon Islands can successfully introduce a secure and efficient online voting system that not only enhances the democratic process but also ensures that all urban voters can participate without the need to travel to their home constituencies. This advancement would significantly reduce the economic and logistical burdens associated with traditional voting methods, making the electoral process more inclusive and accessible.

As we look towards the 2028 elections, it becomes imperative to embrace changes that make elections not only more accessible but also economically feasible for both voters and candidates. The necessity to travel long distances for voting imposes significant financial and time costs, which can be mitigated through technological solutions. Thus, fostering a more inclusive environment where every citizen has the opportunity to participate in the governance of their country without undue hardship.
This initiative could be spearheaded by the Innovation Hub at SINU, which is ideally positioned to promote technological advancements in civic engagement. The Innovation Hub could organize a hackathon to develop a prototype of the online voting system. This event would bring together tech enthusiasts, developers, and students to collaborate and innovate on solutions that could be implemented to ensure secure and accessible voting. By leveraging the collective expertise and creativity of participants, the hackathon could produce a viable prototype that demonstrates the feasibility of online voting.

Such a project would not only provide practical experience for students and participants but also contribute significantly to the national interest by paving the way for a modernized electoral process. It encourages a culture of innovation and problem-solving, aligning with SINU's goals to nurture future leaders and thinkers. Moreover, developing this system within an academic and collaborative environment underscores the importance of inclusive and interdisciplinary approaches to addressing national challenges.
By adopting new technologies for the 2028 elections, the Solomon Islands can ensure that elections are more inclusive, allowing people to vote where they work, thus alleviating the financial burden on candidates and facilitating a broader participation in the democratic process. The involvement of SINU’s Innovation Hub in this endeavour would not only enhance the technical capabilities of the proposed system but also foster a sense of community and shared responsibility towards enhancing democracy in the Solomon Islands.

APPENDIX A

Proposal for Implementing a Secure and Accessible Online Voting System in the Solomon Islands

The system should be mobile-first, given the high pe*******on of mobile devices in urban areas, but also accessible via a secure web portal for those who prefer or only have access to desktop computers.

Key Components of the System

1. User Authentication: Securely verifying the identity of each voter is crucial. This can be achieved using a combination of:
- Biometric authentication: (using fingerprints or facial recognition if devices support it).
- Two-factor authentication (2FA), involving something the voter knows (a password) and something the voter has (a code sent via SMS or email).
2. Secure Voting Port:
- A web application and mobile app that allows voters to log in, view their ballot, make their selection, and submit their vote securely.
- Use of HTTPS to secure the connection between the voter's device and the server.
3. Data Encryption:
- End-to-end encryption to ensure that votes are anonymous and tamper-proof once cast.
- Use of public key infrastructure (PKI) where the server encrypts the data using a public key, and the decryption is only possible with a private key held by an independent electoral oversight body.
4. Blockchain Technology:
- Utilise blockchain to create a decentralised and transparent ledger of votes, enhancing security and trust in the system. Each vote can be a record in the blockchain, ensuring it cannot be altered once cast.

Algorithmic Approach

1. Public Key Encryption Algorithm:
- Use RSA or ECC (Elliptic Curve Cryptography) for the encryption of the data. These are well-established algorithms for secure data encryption.
- When a vote is cast, it is encrypted with the public key and stored in the blockchain or database securely.

2. Blockchain Consensus Algorithm:
- Implement a consensus algorithm like Proof of Authority (PoA), which is more suited for permissioned blockchains in organizational contexts like elections where all validators are known and trusted entities (e.g., electoral commission officials).

3. Hashing Algorithm:
- Use SHA-256 for hashing voter identities and other sensitive information to ensure privacy and data integrity.

Implementation Steps
1. Development and Testing:
- Develop the application and backend using secure development practices.
- Extensive testing including pe*******on testing, performance testing, and user acceptance testing with a focus on the security and usability of the system.
2. Pilot Testing:
- Conduct a pilot test in a controlled environment to validate the entire voting process, from registration to vote tallying.
3. Legal and Compliance:
- Work closely with the legal bodies to ensure the voting system complies with national electoral laws and international best practices.
- Obtain necessary certifications and approvals before full-scale deployment.
4. Voter Education:
- Conduct educational campaigns to assist voters in understanding how to use the new system securely and effectively.
5. Monitoring and Support:
- Set up a robust support system to help voters with technical issues and monitor the system for any signs of tampering or other security issues during the voting period.

ENVISIONING SOME POSSIBLE 10 TO 20 GOALS FOR THE SOLOMON ISLANDS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY (SINU)

I thought it might be a good idea in the interest of provoking some discussions on the legacy for which I want us to be remembered for, that I should lay down in writing, some thoughts on the higher level goals that could be envisioned for SINU and some of the immediate things that could be done in tandern with, Management, Council and the Ministry of Education to achieve those goals. Most of these goals build on the Corporate Plan for 2020 - 2025 and are offered on a without prejudice basis.

They are simply offered as a basis to gauge early on what my general aspirations are for the University, and to start the process of socializing the ideas for reform. The goals and vision could include the following, which are by no means exclusive;

1. Undertake a review to enhance, improve, strengthen the overall governance, financial and administrative systems of the University to meet the due diligence requirements of donors, if they are going to invest in the University in order to develop programmes that can be accredited by SITESA, and overseas accreditation and certification bodies, and develop joint degree, masters, and PhD programmes with overseas universities to have international recognition, credibility and grow the research capacity of SINU.

2. The governance review will encompass examination of processes and procedures for student admissions, including the role of Faculties and Heads of Departments in the admission of students for specific programmes to ensure students are suitably qualified to meet the entry requirement of respective programmes, and are capable of above average grades upon completion. The strategic goal is to ensure that the future thought leaders that are produced by SINU have global employability skills and have critical thinking capacity to contribute effectively to the development of the country and region. The governance review will also consider reforms to the SINU Act to amend the composition of Council to include representation to the council from USP, Australian and New Zealand Universities to ensure internationalization of SINU and its programmes. This to ensure SINU programmes can be developed to international standards through the oversight of overseas academic institutions as well as locals with knowledge in the needs of the country.

3. Undertake an independent review of SINU’s performance and programmes after 10 years as a stock take to inform future strategic directors of SINU for the next 10 to 20 years. This review is necessary to also inform management of weaknesses, strengths, and opportunities for the University. Hopefully, this will inform management, donors, government and other stakeholders what areas of the University’s performance and programmes can be improved and strengthened.

4. In the next 5 to 10 years, SINU graduates have global employability skills that are recognized internationally so that nurses, teachers, accountants, environmentalist, agriculturists etc who graduate from SINU can get jobs in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Asia. In 5 to 10 years, at least 5 SINU programmes are delivered jointly with USP, Australia and New Zealand Programmes. This will require close collaboration with Industry, and international universities. The future will be in smart technology and investments in a knowledge-based economy will be required to meet the challenges of the future. Within the next 2 to 3 years, the University’s enrolment, financial and governance systems will be operating under a fool proof wholly integrated automated digitized system to allow for efficient audits to be done on time as required under the SINU Act, effective traceability of goods and purchases to strengthen procurement, and assure donors the confidence of SINU’s financial and governance systems. Investments in these systems will be necessary to give donors the confidence to investment in the programmes to ensure the future thought leaders of the country have global employability skills. This will require improvements in English language and communication skills, and thus will lead to reforms to ensure future thought leaders admitted to the programmes meet minimum pre-entry level English language and communication skills before they can be admitted to the University programmes. I am concerned that SINU is allowing students to graduate who can hardly construct a proper English sentence together. This does not reflect well on SINU and undermines the value of a SINU qualification. Thus, these reforms are aimed at improving the quality of the programmes and graduates to ensure SINU qualifications are respected and recognised in very much the same way that the Honiara Technical Institute had international students because its courses were internationally recognized, and SICHE had accreditation for its agriculture, environmental studies, trade and accounting programmes.

5. In the next 5 to 10 years, SINU TVet and Trade Programmes are fully accredited by APTC and Queensland/NSW TAFE operating under a more autonomous administrative and financial structure to SINU to achieve greater efficiencies and efficacy. The aim is to increase labour mobility to Australia and New Zealand of skilled Solomon Islanders to achieve greater integration with Australia and New Zealand’s economies and grow Solomon Islands overseas diaspora as part of Solomon Islands future economic growth platform. The Maritime Academy will have greater autonomy and oversight by the Solomon Islands Maritime Authority, Ministry of Infrastructure and Development, Shipping Industry, IMO, and Ports Authority with strategic partnerships with the British Merchant Shipping Authority and major shipping line with a view to training between 50 to 100 seafarers a year to work on overseas merchant, and fishing boats. Also, in the next 5 to 10 years, the SINU Bachelor of Nursing Programme is jointly offered with an Australian University, working with the National Referral Hospital as a University Hospital jointly with a University Hospital in Australia.

5. A staff development plan will be developed in line with the accreditation of programmes. This process will inform the number of Masters, and PhD scholarships that will be required to meet both SITESA and international standards. Thus, getting the review of the governance and administrative systems to meet due diligence of donors is critical to allow investment by donors to upgrade the programmes, systems and therefore staff capacity.

6. Staff and students will be encouraged to revitalize their respective Unions to promote collective bargaining on not only staff terms and conditions, but also on broader social and economic issues that impact on the University, students and the country. Revitalizing the Staff Unions and encouraging the student union to focus also on social justice issues will ensure that these Unions have a voice that they can express on the affairs of the nation, and the University. With the sports facilities that will be accessible to SINU Staff and students, SINU will enter Teams in Soccer, Rugby, Netball and Athletics to contribute to national representation in international competitions. SINU staff and students have a responsibility to contribute to the social life wherever SINU has campuses, and in this respect, participation in sports. The arts and culture will be promoted, with SINU Staff, students, and families encouraged to participate in annual inter-Departmental a) Choral competition; b) custom dancing show; c) local string band competition; d) men and women’s beauty pageant; e) debate and quiz competition; soccer and netball competition; f) essay competition; g) painting competition. The University must be a place where the future thought leaders can learn to develop their organizational and management skills that will help them when they go out to the community.

7. As part of SINU’s contribution to climate change resilience and adaptation, support will be sought from Council, Government and donors to promote a green campus, where a clean environment free of plastic and Styrofoam products will be promoted; where an oasis, like the botanical garden at Rove will be planted on all SINU Campuses to show that SINU does not only teach about forestry and environmental studies, but it also practices it on its campuses; where investments in solarization will be pursued to reduce SINU’s carbon footprints by installing solar panels on all SINU buildings, and partnering with the Government of China, on the development of a Centre for Renewable Energy.

8. The 21st Century economy is being built by smart technologies, with Covid 19 revealing the need for more innovation in dealing with supply chains. The days of mass production of goods like Sony radios, are over, and the future will be in the development of small, niche products that will require smart thinking and technologies. In this regard, in the future, the outlook for SINU will be to collaborate with stakeholders to build its Research and Development capability to make SINU an Incubation Hub for the development of super foods, labelling, seafood products, and Apps that can contribute to telemedicine. In 2 to 3 years, depending on the interest of donors, and the strength of the University’s governance and financial systems, the entire campus will be connected to Wi-Fi. This will allow students to access the internet 24/7 anywhere on campus and allow them to sit under the trees to discuss their assignments and do their work. Hopefully, Wi-Fi access will also be extended to the homes of Staff so that they can access their work from home, send lessons from home, and have more flexi working hours that will allow them to also do their research. Increasing the internet capacity of the University, will also underpin the delivery of online programmes, and enhance the delivery of degree programmes through Distance and Flexible Learning across the country.

9. In 5 to 10 years, SINU should have campuses in the provinces, perhaps in tandem with the Provincial Governments and Churches so that they are located where there are already existing facilities such as Church administered Vocational Centres or Community High Schools located on alienated land and already accessible to water and electricity. These should not just be centres where programmes are delivered and coordinated through a strengthened Distance and Flexible Learning (DFL) Department, but they must be accompanied by investments in integrated development programmes in fisheries, forestry and agriculture to enhance the social and economic wellbeing of the communities in those areas. The decentralization mantra that is often espoused by politicians, should not just be seen as something that should be done by the government. With enhanced communication and internet technology, SINU can lead the way and show that it is possible to achieve decentralization in a way that achieves efficiency and maintains the efficacy of the institution.

10. As part of SINU’s endeavours to diversify its financial revenue, within the next 12 Months, SINU’s Business, Investment and Commercial Arm will undertake a situational analysis to enable it to operate under a more autonomous cost recovered basis by ensuring that all the hostels, and other physical assets that can potentially generate revenue are fully optimized including the development of self-sustaining SINU Housing Fund to optimize the utilization of SINU houses including those that are dilapidated. Similar housing funds are operated by other international organizations in Honiara. This review could also include exploring developing a self-funded Medical Insurance Scheme for Staff and their families.

11. In the next 12 Months, in keeping with the broad vision to ensure all staff remain marketable and also to assist Staff to plan for their future retirement; discussions will be held to develop short term courses and workshops that will allow Staff to learn different skills, whether it is in book-keeping, financial management, investments, savings, repair of outboard motor engines, cooking, baking, sewing, gardening, and other courses that could be taught at the University. It is important that all staff, whatever their occupation be given the opportunity to learn new skills that can help them not only in their work but also to prepare them for life after SINU.

12. In framing the philosophical approach to SINU’s focus for the future thought leaders of the country and in ensuring those who graduate from its corridors do so with global employability skills, it is envisioned that the development trajectory underpinning SINU’s approach to the promotion of sustainable development will be the ideas around “green growth” and “blue economy”. What this will entail in practical terms is that the focus of SINU’s programmes and teachings will to be on sustainable development, and thus those doing trade courses and other practical courses that relate to the environment will have to have an appreciation for environmental science and the promotion of nature based solutions so future thought leaders will not only learn about how they can build a house, bridge or drains, but also how instead of cutting the trees to build a house, they can think about how they can build around the tree, and instil nature based solutions to their work. Also, in keeping with the vision to ensure that the next generation of thought leaders of the country are well rounded in their understanding of society and are critical thinkers, it is envisioned that all graduates from SINU are given a wholesome approach and outlook to life so that in addition to their core units, all future thought leaders are taught ethics, leadership and good governance as a prerequisite to graduating.

13. In the next 5 to 10 years, SINU must have a dedicated Chapel on Campus where the students and staff can conduct their Church services, hold youth meetings and where the spiritual lives of staff, students, alumni and their families can be pursued. This should also be balanced by the development of a fully self-funded Staff Recreational Club where staff and their families can meet after hours, for drinks, game of pool, darts and promote the social collegiality of the University.

These are not things that we cannot do alone and in-house with the resources that we have internally. We will need support from businesses, donors, CEOs of existing companies, the Alumni, and others who will be willing to give their time to support SINU grow and become an effective conduit for change for the good of this country. We must be open therefore to fresh ideas and to working with others outside the Institution. All I wish for SINU is that we can be an oasis of good governance and be the example to the country of an institution that has robust governance, administrative systems that is attractive for donors to invest as part of national economic reform programme for the future. SINU has an opportunity to promote the economic and social development of the country through the next generation of thought leaders who will have skills that will allow them to work in the country and overseas, but most importantly have in them the power to be critical thinkers, imbued with the values of ethical leadership and good governance.

In closing, I wish to quote President Kennedy’s Speech on Education as a reminder of our responsibilities as educated elites of this country. While his address was aimed at US citizens, the principles that relate to the educated citizens resonate and speak to us.

“…..This country was not just founded solely on the principles of citizens’ rights, equally important, though not too often discussed, is the citizens' responsibilities. For our privileges can be no greater than our obligations, the protection of our rights can endure no longer than the performance of our responsibilities. Each can be neglected only at the peril of the other. I speak to you today therefore not as your right as Americans, but of your responsibilities. There are many in number and different in nature. They do not rest with equal weight upon the shoulders of all. Equality of opportunity, does not mean, does not mean equality of responsibility. All Americans must be responsible citizens, but some must be more responsible than others, by virtue of their public or their private positions, their role in the family or community, their prospects for the future, or their legacy from the past. Increased responsibility goes with increased ability, for to those much is given, much is required. You have responsibility in short, to use your talents for the benefit of the society which helped develop those talent. You must decide, as Girder put it, whether you will be an amble or a hammer, whether you will give to the world in which you have reared and educated the broadest possible benefit of that education. Of the many special obligation’s incumbent upon an educated citizen, I would cite three as outstanding; your obligation to the pursuit of learning, your obligation to serve the public, your obligation to uphold the law. If the pursuit of learning is not defended by the educated citizen, it will not be defended at all. For there will always be those who scoff at intellectuals, who cry out against research, who seek to limit our educational system. Modern cynics and sceptics, see no more reason for landing a man on the moon, which we shall do, than the cynics and sceptics, of half a millennium ago saw off the development of this country. They see no harm in paying those to whom they entrust the minds of their children, a smaller wage to those to whom they entrust to care of their plumbing, but the educated citizen knows how much more there is to know. He knows that knowledge is power more so today than ever before; he knows that only an educated and informed people will be a free people; because of the ignorance of one voter in a democracy, impairs the security of all, and if we can as Jefferson put it, “enlighten the people generally, tyranny and oppression of mind and body will banish like evil spirit at the dawn of day”, and therefore the educated citizen has a special obligation to encourage the pursuit of learning, promote the exploration of the unknown, to preserve the freedom of inquiry, support the advancement of research, and to assist at every level of government, the improvement of education for every American, from grade school to graduate school.

Secondly, the educated citizen has an obligation to serve the public. He may be a Precinct worker, or a President; he may give his talents at the courthouse, the state house, the White House; he may be a civil servant or a Senator, a candidate or a campaign worker, a winner or a loser but he must be a participant and not a spectator. At the Olympic Games Aristotle wrote “it is not the finest and strongest men who are crowned, but they who enter the list, for out of these the prize men are selected, so too in life he said, of the honourable and the good, it is they who act who rightly win the prize”. I urge all of you today, especially those who are students, to act, to enter the list of public service and rightly won or lose the prize. For me can only have one form of aristocracy in this country, as Jefferson wrote long ago in rejecting John Adams suggestion of an artificial aristocracy of wealth and birth, it is “he wrote the natural aristocracy of character and talent, and the best form of government he added, was that that selected these men for positions of responsibility”. I would hope that all educated citizens would fulfil this obligation in government, politics, here in Nashville, he is this State, in the Peace Corp, in the foreign service, in the government service, in the Tennessee Valley, in the World. You will find the pressures greater than the pay, and endure more public attack than support, but you will have the unequal satisfaction of knowing that your character and talent are contributing to the direction and success of this free society"

My Casual Conversations My "Casual Conversation" is a means of sharing my thoughts. I like innovation and new ideas.