Cisco students

how many seconds stp forwarding time?

Learn WEB DEVELOPMENT(HTML, CSS, Java Script, PHP and many more) and NETWORKING(Cisco, RadHat, Microsoft) and many more stuff by liking out page
https://www.facebook.com/epiont
Its the first post for launching my page and also check our website www.epiont.com its under construction but very soon it will be a beautiful place to learn IT in urdu language

The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a telecommunication protocol used for resolution of network layer addresses into link layer addresses, a critical function in multiple-access networks. ARP was defined by RFC 826 in 1982. It is Internet Standard STD 37.
www.facebook.com/theCISCOstudents

CISCO is game of money ... are you agree ??

Follow CISCO follow Future

Q19. What are the maximum networks and hosts in a class A, B and C network?

Ans. For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hosts
For Class B, there are 16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hosts
For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible networks and 254 hosts
www.facebook.com/theciscostudents
Q20. What are the functions of a network administrator?

Ans. A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarize into 3 key functions: installation of a network, configuration of network settings, and maintenance/troubleshooting of networks.

many of time we never check the cables conditions and cable connectors it is become the main problem of the connectivity issue.some time people see the massage in the task bar that show the error.
www.facebook.com/theciscostudents
list of error of cable connectivity issues
ip conflicts with another computer problem?
your ip is conflicting to another computer.
Many of time you connectors are damage but feel good in condition without any hesitation change the connectors.some time wire are damage from inside the cover as it touch to their pair it start working and after as it again damage it stop working.

FRAME RELAY
Frame Relay is a protocol standard for LAN internetworking which provides a fast and efficient method of transmitting information from a user device to LAN bridges and routers.

4more: www.fb.com/theciscostudents

The Frame Relay protocol uses a frame structured similar to that of LAPD, except that the frame header is replaced by a 2-byte Frame Relay header field. The Frame Relay header contains the user-specified DLCI field, which is the destination address of the frame. It also contains congestion and status signals which the network sends to the user.

Virtual Circuits

CCIE Routing & Switching Lab Exam Topics V4.0

www.fb.com/theciscostudents
I N D E X

01 – Ethernet Bridging and Switching
02 – Frame-Relay
03 – HDLC/PPP
04 – IP Routing
05 – RIP
06 – EIGRP
07 – OSPF
08 – Redistribution
09 – BGP
10 – MPLS
11 – IPv6
12 – Multicast
13 – QOS
14 – System Management
15 – IP Services
16 – Security

ETHERNET BRIDGING & SWITCHING

Ethernet Technologies
Speed and duplex
Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet
Switchports
Dynamic
Desirable
Auto
Access
Trunk
Encapsulation
Mode
Allowed List
Tunnel
802.1q Tunnel
VTP
Domains
Modes
Server
Client
Transparent
Authentication
Pruning
Prune Eligible List
Extended VLANs
Layer 3 Routing
Router-on-a-Stick
Native Routed Ports
SVIs
EtherChannel
Dynamic
PAgP
LACP
Static
Layer 3 & Layer 2
Load Balancing
Spanning-Tree Protocol
Root Election
Path Selection
Port Cost
Port Priority
Advanced Spanning-Tree Features
Portfast
Uplinkfast
Backbonefast
BPDU Guard
BPDU Filter
Loopguard
UDLD
Disabling STP
Multiple Spanning-Tree Protocol (MSTP)
Root Election
Path Selection
Rapid Spanning-Tree Protocol (RSTP)
Advanced Catalyst Features
Flex Links
Private VLANs
SPAN
RSPAN
Optimizing System Resources (SDM)
Link state Tracking
Macros
CAM Maintenance
Static Entries
Aging
Logging
MAC address notification traps
Unicast MAC address filtering
Bridging
Transparent
CRB
IRB
Fall-Back Bridging
Aging Time
Discarding Static or Dynamic MAC Address
Adjusting STP Parameters
3560 Security
Port Security
Violation modes
MAC Addresses
Aging Time
Aging Type
Errdisable Recovery/Detect
802.1x Authentication
Storm Control
DHCP Snooping
Option-82 Data-Inspection
IP Source-Guard
DAI (Dynamic ARP Inspection)
VACLs
IP Acl
MAC Acls & Ethertypes
Port Protection
Switchport Protect
Switchport Block


FRAME-RELAY

NBMA Overview
Times
Keepalives
Interface Types
Physical
Multipoint Subinterface
Point-to-Point Subinterface
Back-to-Back
FRF.16.1 (Multilink Frame Relay)
Address Resolution (iARP)
Static
Self Mapping
Dynamic (iARP)
Disabling Requests
Disabling Per DLCI
DCHP to new router
Broadcast Replication
LMI
Adjusting the timers
Full Mesh
Partial Mesh (Hub-and-Spoke)
End-to-End Keepalives
Bridging over Frame Relay


PPP

PPP advantages over HDLC
PPP Features
Auto neighbor IP
LCP & IPCP
Authentication
PAP
CHAP
CHAP Hostname
CHAP Password
Same hostname
Putting a “?” in Password
Peer Neighbor Route
Reliable Link (RFC 1663)
Link Quality Monitoring
Multilink PPP (MLP)
MLP Interleaving and Queuing
Multiclass MLP
MRRU Negotiation
PPPoFR (PPP over Frame Relay)
PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet)
PPP Half-Bridging


IP ROUTING

Routing Decisions
Longest Match
Distance
Inner Protocol
Metric
Default Routing
Switching Paths
Process switching
Fast Switching
Netflow switching
CEF switching
Layer 2 Resolution
OER (Cisco Optimized Edge Routing)
PFR (Performance Routing)
ODR (On Demand Routing)
Secondary Ip addresses
Floating Static Routes
Backup Interface
GRE Tunneling (L3 VPN)
PBR (Policy Routing)
Policy route local traffic through Loopback
/31 Mask
IP-Unnumbered


RIP

RIP Operation
no validate-update source
Metric & Timers
RIP Vesion 1 & 2
Updates Types
Broadcast
Multicast
Unicast
Network Statement
Passive Int
Split-Horizon, RIP Triggered
Summarization
Auto Summary
Int Summary
Filtering
Distribute-List
Offset List
Distance
Default Routing
Authentication
MD5
Text


EIGRP

EIGRP Operation
Metric, Timers and K-values
Variance & Load-sharing
Convergence Timers
Routing Updates
Packet Types (Theory)
DUAL Finite State Machine (Theory)
Passive Interface
Split-Horizon
Default Network
Authentication
MD5
Key Rotation
Summarization
Auto-Summary
Interface
Default Route (summary command with 0.0.0.0)
Floating Summary
Filtering
Distribute-List
Offset List
Distance
Stub Routing
Bandwidth Percent


OSPF

OSPF Overview
Hello Protocol
Network Types
Broadcast
Non-Broadcast
Point-to-Multipoint
Point-to-Multipoint Non-Broadcast
Point-to-Point
Mismatch
DR and BDR
OSPF Finite State Machine
Router Types
LSA (Link State Advertisement)
Stub Areas
Stub
Stub No-Summary
NSSA No-Summary
NSSA No-Redistrib
NSSA No-Advertise
GRE over Stub
Filtering
Distribute-List
LSA 3 Filter
LSA Overload Protection
LSA Throttling
Forwarding Address Suppression in Translated Type-5 LSAs
Summarization
Inter-area
External
Stub Router Advertisement
Passive-Interface
Originating routes
Path Selection
Auto-Cost
Cost
Bandwidth
Neighbor Cost
Incremental SPF
Authentication
Area
Interface
MD5
Clear Text
Null
Virtual-Link
Default Routing
Always
Conditional
OSPF Demand Circuit


REDISTRIBUTION

Redistribution Overview
Connected interfaces
Single Router
Mutual Routers
Connected / Static
RIP
Metric
EIGRP
Metric
External EIGRP routes
OSPF
Route-Types
Match command
BGP
Bgp Redistribute internal


BGP

The BGP Process
Establishing Peerings
TCP Transport
Update Source
BGP States
BGP Open Message
Authentication
EBGP sessions
Multihop
BGP Backdoor
Distance
Maximum-Paths
Dmzlink-bw
Next-Hop Processing
Next-Hop Self
Route-Map
iBGP sessions
Route Reflection
Confederation
iBGP Synchronization
Redistribution into IGP
BGP over GRE
Bestpath Selection Process
Weight
Local Preference
AS-Path Prepending
MED
Communities
No-Export
No-Advertise
Local-AS
Numbered
New Format
Community-list
Default Originate
Originating Prefixes
Network Statement
Redistribution
Aggregation
Summary-Only
Suppress-Map
Neighbor Unsuppress-Map
Filtering
Filtering Specifics
Filtering Aggregate
Conditional Advertisement
Conditional Route Injection
Clearing BGP Sessions
ORF (Outbound Route Filtering)
Local AS
Remove Private AS
Route-maps
Dampening
Peer Groups
Peering Templates
Regular Expressions
Fast External Fallover
Fast Peering session deactivation
Support for Next-Hop Address Tracking
Max Prefix
BGP Policy Accounting


MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

MPLS Overview
Router Types
CE (Customer Edge)
PE (Provider Edge)
P (Provider)
LDP (Label Distribution Protocol)
MPBGP
Address Families
Originating Prefixes
Network Statement
Redistribution
Layer 3 VPNs
RD (Route-Target)
RT (Route Disinguisher)
VRF (virtual routing and forwarding)
Import and Export Maps
VRF-Lite (Multi-VRF Customer Edge)


IPv6

Addressing
Global Unicast
Link Local
Site Local
Unicast Local
EUI-64
DHCP for IPv6
IPv6 on 3560
IPv6 over Ethernet
ICMP ND
Static to Next-Hop
Static to Interface
IPv6 over Frame Relay
Layer 3 Resolution
Static to Next-Hop
Static to Interface
IPv6 Routing Overview
RIPng
Enabling
Default Routing
Summarization
Offset List
Distribute-List
Redistribution
EIGRP v6
Enabling
Default Routing
Summarization
Distribute-List
Redistribution
OSPFv3
Enabling
Network Types
OSPFv3 over NBMA
Summarization
Internal
External
Authentication
Per interface
Per area
Default Routing
Redistribution
MPBGP
Address Families
Originating Prefixes
Network Statement
Aggregation
Tunneling
IPv6IP
GRE
Automatic 6to4
ISATAP
IPv6 Multicast
IPv6 on 3560
Access-List Filtering
Static IPv6 DNS Entries


MULTICAST

Multicast Operation
Addressing
Reserved Addresses
Well-Known addresses
multicast MAC’s
SSM addresses
IGMP
Join
Static
Access-Group
3560 Profile
IGMP Snooping
Helper
Timers
Max Groups
PIM
Modes
Sparse
Dense
Sparse-Dense
Shortest Path switchover (SPT/RPT)
IP PIM SPT-Threshold
Reverse Path Forwarding
Static M-route
RP Assignments
Static
Override
Auto-RP
Sparse-Dense
Auto-RP Listener
Default Static RP
BSR
Specific Groups
Priority
BSR Border
Anycast RP with MSDP
Bi-directional PIM
NBMA Mode
Multicast over GRE
Multicast BGP
Stub Multicast IP Routing
Filtering
Static RP
Filtering Specific Groups
Auto-RP filtering
RP group filtering
MA filtering RP’s
BSR
Specific Groups
PIM-Neighbor filtering
Client filtering
Multicast Bopundary
Multicast Route-Limit
Scoping
TTL Scoping
Administrative Scoping
Additional Multicast features
Multicast Rate Limiting
Multicast Helper
SDR Listener support
Load splitting multicast traffic
Multicast Heartbeat
SSM (Source specific multicast)
MSDP (Multicast Source Distribution Protocol)
Interdomain Multicast Routing
PGM (Pragmatic General multicast)
MRM (Multicast Routing Monitor)
MVR (Multicast VLAN Registration) on the 3550
IGMP Profile filtering on 3550/3550
DVMRP


QOS

Qos Overview
MQC
Diffserv & Intserv Models
Classification & Marking
Access-Lists
IP Precedence
DSCP
NBAR
Packet Length
FR-DE
Interface
NOT statement
Congestion Management
Custom Queue (CQ)
Priority Queue (PQ)
Weighted Fair Queue (WFQ)
MQC Bandwidth (CBWFQ)
MQC Priority (LLQ)
Congestion Avoidance
Legacy WRED
MQC WRED
IP Precedence
DSCP
Shaping
Legacy GTS
Legacy FRTS
MQC Shape
MQC FRTS
Adaptive
Policing
Legacy CAR
MQC Police
COPP (Control Plane Policing)
Unconditional Packet Discard
RSVP
Nested MQC Policies
Switching Voice VLANs
Cisco AutoQoS
3550 QoS
Classification
Per-Port Per-VLAN
Mutation Maps
Congestion Management
WRR
Expedite Queue
Policing and Shaping
3560 QoS
Classification
Per-Vlan Classification
Congestion Management
Shaped Round Robin (SRR)
Weighted Tail Drop (WTD)
Priority Queue
Policing and Shaping
Aggregate policer
Compression
TCP Header
Predictor
RTP Header-compression
Frame-Relay RTP compression
Link Efficiency mechanisms
FRF.12


SYSTEM MANAGEMENT

SNMP
Polling
Trapping
Communities
Controlling Access
RMON
Delta
Absolute
Logging
Syslog
Timestamps
3560 Flash Logging
Config Change Notification and Logging (Archive)
Remote-access via Telnet
Establishing Terminal Session Limits
Displaying Line Connection Information
Chunk-size
Assign IP address to service provided on a TCP port
Busy-message
Vacant-message
Telnet message on successful connection
Refuse-message
IP telnet quiet
Saving Local Settings Between Sessions
Defining Escape character and other key sequences
Setting terminal screen length and width
Enable session locking
Login Enhancements
block-for
quite-mode
delay
Hiding Telnet Addresses
NTP
Master
Server
Peer
Authentication
Timezones
Banners & Menus
Configuring Banners using tokens
HTTP Server
TFTP Server
CDP
Crash Dump
Warm Reboot
IOS Parser
EEM (Embedded Resource Manager)
System Resources
Memory
CPU
Various other
Autoinstall
Aliases
Service Nagle
Interface Commands
Hold-Queue
Load-interval


IP SERVICES

Scheduler allocate
TCP
Performance Parameters
TCP Selective Acknowledgment
TCP Time-stamp
TCP Window Scaling
TCP ECN
TCP Synwait-time
Window Scaling
Explicit Congestion Notification
Keepalive Packet Service
MTU
IP MTU
TCP MSS
PMTU Discovery
NAT
Inside Source
Outside Source
Overload
Static Nat
Extendable
Port Redirection
NAT Timeouts
TCP Load Balancing
On a Stick
Stateful Nat
Broadcast Services
IP Helper
Changing Broadcast address
DHCP
Server
Exclusions
Domain
Gateway
Multiple Gateways
Lease Time
Client
IPCP Client
IP Helper, DHCP Relay and Option 82
Disabling on router
Disabling on switch
IP Source Guard
Multiple Default Gateway
DNS
Static Entries
Record Types: MX, A PTR etc
Proxy
IP Accounting
Output Packets
Access-List Violations
Precedence
First Hop Redundancy
HSRP
VRRP
GLBP
Track
IP SLA/RTR
NetFlow
RITE (Router IP Traffic-Export)
EEM (Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager)
SCP (Switch-module Configuration Protocol)
TCP/UDP Small Services
Local Area Mobility
Web Caching Content Protocol (WCCP)
Inbound/Outbound
Excluding Traffic from Redirection
Only allowing certain Content Engines
Setting a Password for a router and cache engine
Enabling on 3550
NHRP
Configuring NHRP authentication
IRDP
Mobile IP
Local Area Mobility
DRP Server Agent
IP Event Dampening


SECURITY

Standard Access-Lists
Extended Access-Lists
Advanced Ext-ACL
as a prefix-list
Scott Morris’s Binary Voodoo
Options
ACL Logging
Rate-limit Access-lists
Time Based Access-Lists
Dynamic Access-Lists
Reflexive Access-Lists
CBAC
Zone Based Firewall
IPS (Intrusion Prevention System)
Security Compliance RFC’s
RFC 1918
RFC 3330 (more for SP Track)
RFC 2827
TCP Intercept
IP Source Tracking
IP Traffic Export
Disabling Services
Source Routing
Proxy ARP
IP Options
CDP
IP Unreachable
Local Authentication
Local Authorization
AAA (know basics)
Modes
Defaults
RADIUS/TACACS
Max-attempts
Quiet Period
Host mode
Guest VLAN
URPF

WAN vs LAN
www.fb.com/theciscostudents

A LAN is a computer network across a limited area such as a home, school and office. A WAN is a huge network , which even interconnects the LANs spread across a city, country or even the whole world. Internet is also a WAN. A LAN is a small system hence it is much faster, less costly, and the number of errors is less. They are easy to troubleshoot and maintain. On the other hand, WANs require leased lines to be laid probably by contracts with ISP and, therefore, the speed is less and the cost is high. Also, since a WAN is a large system, the amount of errors can be high while the troubleshooting is difficult making maintenance more difficult.

Cisco students CISCO's CCNA, CCNP & CCIE course related info. its informatic....
its helpful for those who likes... and its tricky....
www.facebook.com/theciscostudents

Micro USB vs Mini USB
www.fb.com/theciscostudents

• Mini USB was the earlier standard for the USB used in mobile devices, now deprecated. Micro USB, an addition to USB version 2.0 in 2007, is now the standard connector type for mobile devices.

• Mini USB is less durable than the micro USB where micro USB can operate for 10000 connect-disconnect cycles.

• Micro USB connectors are smaller; they are almost of the same length and half the thickness of the mini USB.

• ID pin in mini USB is idle, whereas ID pin in micro USB can be used to allow the connector used in both A and B type receptacles.

Cisco students CISCO's CCNA, CCNP & CCIE course related info. its informatic....
its helpful for those who likes... and its tricky....
www.facebook.com/theciscostudents

Difference Between Access Point and Router

4more: www.fb.com/theciscostudents
The access point is the devices to which the Wi-Fi devices connect. The access point is connected to the router and the router routes the packets from the access point to the outside network to provide internet access. The access point has the wireless hardware where it broadcasts an SSID to which other Wi-Fi devices connect to. The router does not have wireless hardware, but consist of switching fabric, memory and processing devices to store and forward packets appropriately to reach the correct destination. Today, the devices called Wi-Fi routers have the functionality of the access point and the router combined into one single package.