English composition & Tenses

Here is a complete and brief guide to Direct and Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) in all tenses — from high level to beginner level — with simple rules and examples.

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📘 What is Direct and Indirect Speech?

Direct Speech: Exact words of the speaker.
➤ Example: He said, "I am tired."

Indirect Speech: Report of what the speaker said, without quoting exact words.
➤ Example: He said that he was tired.

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📌 Basic Rules Before Tense Conversion:

1. Remove commas and quotation marks.

2. Use “that” to connect the sentence.

3. Change pronouns (I → he/she, you → I/he/she/they).

4. Change time words:

now → then

today → that day

yesterday → the previous day

tomorrow → the next day

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🔄 Tense-wise Conversion Table (Direct → Indirect)

Direct Speech Tense Change in Indirect Speech Example Conversion

Simple Present → Simple Past He said, "I eat rice." → He said that he ate rice.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous She said, "I am cooking." → She said that she was cooking.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect He said, "I have finished." → He said that he had finished.
Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous She said, "I have been reading." → She said she had been reading.
Simple Past → Past Perfect He said, "I went home." → He said he had gone home.
Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous She said, "I was crying." → She said she had been crying.
Past Perfect → No change He said, "I had done it." → He said he had done it.
Past Perfect Continuous → No change She said, "I had been waiting." → She said she had been waiting.
Will / Shall (Future) → Would / Should He said, "I will come." → He said he would come.
Can → Could She said, "I can swim." → She said she could swim.
May → Might He said, "I may leave." → He said he might leave.
Must / Have to → Had to She said, "I must go." → She said she had to go.

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👥 Pronoun Change Examples

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I → he/she "I am late." → He said he was late.
You → I / he/she "You are kind." → She told me I was kind.
We → they "We are ready." → They said they were ready.

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📅 Time Word Changes

Direct Word Indirect Word

now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
yesterday the previous day
this that
here there
ago before

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🗣️ Common Reporting Verbs:

Said (کہا)

Told (بتایا)

Asked (پوچھا)

Requested (درخواست کی)

Advised (مشورہ دیا)

Ordered (حکم دیا)

Warned (خبردار کیا)

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🔁 Question Sentences (Direct to Indirect)

Rule:

Remove question format and use if/whether or WH-word.

Direct Question Indirect Speech

He said, "Are you fine?" He asked if I was fine.
She said, "What is your name?" She asked what my name was.
They said, "When will you come?" They asked when I would come.

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🔁 Imperative Sentences (Orders, Requests, Advice)

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

He said, "Please help me." He requested me to help him.
She said, "Don’t shout!" She told me not to shout.
The teacher said, "Read this book." The teacher told us to read that book.

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🎓 Summary for All Levels

Level Focus Area Example

Beginner Simple present/past tense "I play" → He said he played.
Intermediate Questions & imperatives "Are you OK?" → He asked if I was OK.
Advanced All tense types + modal verbs "I must leave" → He said he had to leave.

Understanding English composition and tenses is key to writing and speaking correctly. Here's a brief and clear explanation of what both include:

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📘 1. English Composition (تحریری انگریزی)

English composition means writing in English clearly, correctly, and effectively. It includes:

✍️ Main Parts of English Composition:

Area What it Means Example

Sentence structure How to form correct sentences (subject + verb) "She is reading a book."
Paragraph writing Group of sentences about one topic A paragraph about your family
Essay writing Longer writing with introduction, body, conclusion Essay on "My School"
Letter writing Formal/informal letters Letter to a friend or principal
Story writing Writing short fictional stories A story on "The Lion and the Mouse"
Dialogue writing Conversation between two people A dialogue between doctor and patient
Grammar usage Using correct rules of English Right tense, punctuation, articles etc.

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📘 2. English Tenses (افعال کا وقت)

Tenses show time of an action — past, present, or future.

⏱️ Main Tense Categories:

Each time (past, present, future) has 4 forms:

Tense Type Example Sentence (Present)

Simple Tense I eat.
Continuous Tense I am eating.
Perfect Tense I have eaten.
Perfect Continuous I have been eating.

📌 In total, there are 12 tenses in English.

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✅ In Summary:

Topic Included

Composition Sentence, paragraph, essay, letter, story, grammar
Tenses All 12 forms (past, present, future + 4 types each)

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Learning English tenses can feel tricky at first, but with the right method, it can become simple and even fun. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you learn English tenses easily and effectively:

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✅ Step-by-Step Guide to Learning Tenses

🔹 Step 1: Understand the 3 Basic Time Forms

All tenses are based on three main times:

1. Past – What happened before now.

2. Present – What is happening now.

3. Future – What will happen later.

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🔹 Step 2: Learn the 4 Tenses for Each Time

Each time has 4 types of tenses:

Time Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous

Past I ate. I was eating. I had eaten. I had been eating.
Present I eat. I am eating. I have eaten. I have been eating.
Future I will eat. I will be eating. I will have eaten. I will have been eating.

🟢 Tip: Start with Simple Tenses first. They are the most common.

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🔹 Step 3: Use Clear Examples

Learn one tense at a time with simple, real-life examples:

Simple Present: I go to school every day.

Present Continuous: I am going to school now.

Present Perfect: I have gone to school already.

Present Perfect Continuous: I have been going to school for 2 years.

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🔹 Step 4: Practice Daily in Small Bits

Use this method:

1. One tense per day – Learn the structure and 5 example sentences.

2. Translate simple Urdu sentences into English.

3. Use tenses in your daily writing or speaking (even 2-3 sentences).

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🔹 Step 5: Watch, Read & Listen

YouTube Channels: Search “English tenses in Urdu” (e.g., by Spoken English Guru or Dear Sir).

Read children’s books or basic English stories to see tenses in action.

Listen to short conversations in English (try BBC Learning English or British Council apps).

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🔹 Step 6: Create a Cheat Sheet

Make a 1-page table with:

Tense name

Urdu meaning

Formula (e.g., Subject + is/am/are + verb+ing)

2 example sentences

Keep this with you for quick revision.

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✅ Bonus Tips

Use apps like Duolingo, Cake, or Hello English.

Talk to yourself in English.

Make your own small diary and write 3–5 lines daily using different tenses.

Here is a complete guide to English grammar basic tenses with definitions and examples, perfect for all levels (beginner to advanced):

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1. Present Simple

Use: Habits, general truths, routines
Formula: Subject + base verb (s/es for he/she/it)
Example:

I go to school every day.

She works in a bank.

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2. Present Continuous (Progressive)

Use: Actions happening now or around now
Formula: Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing
Example:

He is reading a book.

They are playing cricket.

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3. Present Perfect

Use: Past action with result in present
Formula: Subject + has/have + past participle
Example:

I have finished my homework.

She has gone to the market.

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4. Present Perfect Continuous

Use: Action started in the past and still continuing
Formula: Subject + has/have been + verb+ing
Example:

I have been studying for two hours.

He has been working here since 2020.

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5. Past Simple

Use: Completed actions in the past
Formula: Subject + past form of verb
Example:

She visited Lahore last week.

They played football yesterday.

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6. Past Continuous

Use: Ongoing action in the past
Formula: Subject + was/were + verb+ing
Example:

I was watching TV.

They were sleeping.

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7. Past Perfect

Use: Action completed before another past action
Formula: Subject + had + past participle
Example:

He had left before I arrived.

They had finished the work.

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8. Past Perfect Continuous

Use: Duration of action before a past moment
Formula: Subject + had been + verb+ing
Example:

She had been studying for 3 hours.

They had been waiting since morning.

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9. Future Simple

Use: Predictions, promises, or decisions
Formula: Subject + will + base verb
Example:

I will call you later.

She will come tomorrow.

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10. Future Continuous

Use: Action in progress at a future time
Formula: Subject + will be + verb+ing
Example:

I will be sleeping at 11 PM.

They will be traveling next week.

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11. Future Perfect

Use: Action completed before a future moment
Formula: Subject + will have + past participle
Example:

She will have finished the exam by noon.

We will have reached by 8 PM.

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12. Future Perfect Continuous

Use: Duration of action before a future moment
Formula: Subject + will have been + verb+ing
Example: