Bilal Biology Concepts

"In every walk with nature, one receives far more than he seeks." - John Muir

Side effects of coffee
1. Headache: Caffeine is a commonly used psychostimulant.

2. Anxiety: While moderate caffeine intake can contribute to feelings of happiness, having two to six cups of caffeine can bring on anxiety.

3. Trouble Sleeping: When consumed close to bedtime, caffeine may cause mild sleep disturbances at moderate and high doses.

4. Irritability: Consuming caffeine can also contribute to feelings of irritability, but this has mostly been observed in people who consume a lot of it.

5. Increased Heartbeat: Some research found as little as four cups of coffee could cause mild changes in heart rate.

6. Chest Pain: Chest pain occurs when blood flow to the heart is blocked. As caffeine increases, so do the restrictions in blood flow.

Difference Between Fruits and Vegetables

Fruits: Develop from flowers and contain seeds used to grow new plants.
Examples: Apples, tomatoes, mangoes, peppers, cucumbers, watermelon, strawberries, etc.

Vegetables: Develop from other parts of the plant, such as roots (carrots, radishes), stems (potatoes), leaves (spinach, cabbage), flowers (broccoli, cauliflower), or seeds (peas, beans).
Vegetables may or may not contain seeds themselves.
Examples: Carrots, peas, potatoes, onions, leafy greens, mushrooms, okra, eggplant, bottle gourd, etc.

Flatulence is the removal of gas from the intestines through the re**um. It's a natural part of digestion and can be caused by two main factors:

* Swallowed air
* Bacterial fermentation

The amount of gas produced by gut bacteria can vary depending on what we eat. Foods that are high in fiber, such as beans, cruciferous vegetables, and whole grains, are more difficult to digest and can cause more gas production.

Burping, also known as belching, is the involuntary release of air from the stomach through the mouth. It's a common occurrence caused by swallowed air escaping the digestive system.

How many ATPs are produced in one kreb cycle?

Amanita phalloides, also known as 'death cap', is one of the most poisonous mushrooms, being involved in the majority of human fatal cases of mushroom poisoning worldwide.

Key points of Glycolysis

1. It is the process in which a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

2. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells.

3. Six enzymes are involved in the process.

4. The end products of the reaction include 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules.

Achievements of Gregor Mendel
1. He deduced that genes came in pairs.
2. He worked out that genes were inherited at units, so one came from each parent.
3. He introduced the idea of 'dominant' and 'recessive' genes.
4. He recognised mathematical patterns that occurred in inheritance.
5. He also introduced 'Mendel's Laws of Heredity'

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES

Monoclonal antibodies are used for diagnosis, disease treatment and research. They’re used:

1. As probes to identify materials in laboratories or for use in home-testing kits like those for pregnancy or ovulation.
2.To type tissue and blood for use in transplants.
3. For diagnosis.
4. For disease treatment.

What types of diseases do monoclonal antibodies treat?
Monoclonal antibodies have been used to treat the following conditions:

Cancer.
Organ transplant rejection.
Inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, including allergies.
Infections, including COVID-19.
Osteoporosis.
Eye conditions.
Migraines.
High cholesterol.
Nervous system disorders.
The number of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of monoclonal antibody therapies has been rising since the first monoclonal antibody drug for humans was approved in 1986.