*Neurosurgery*
_Hydrocephalus management_
Aims to _reduce intracranial pressure (ICP), restore CSF flow_ , and _prevent neurological damage._
*1. Initial (Emergency) Management*
Used when patient presents with signs of raised ICP (headache, vomiting, bradycardia, altered mental status).
A. Medical Measures (Temporary Relief)
Head elevation (30°) – improves venous drainage.
IV Mannitol (osmotic diuretic)
– draws fluid from brain → reduces ICP.
Hypertonic saline (3% NaCl) – alternative to mannitol for severe edema.
Controlled hyperventilation
– reduces PaCO₂ → cerebral vasoconstriction → ↓ ICP (short-term).
Avoid hypotension & hypoxia – worsens brain injury.
Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
– ↓ CSF production (use in infants or communicating hydrocephalus).
Medical therapy is temporary; definitive management is usually surgical.
External Ventricular Drain (EVD)
A temporary device used to drain CSF from the lateral ventricle to an external collecting system to relieve increased int
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25/09/2025
🟢 وزن کم کرنے کا نیا قدرتی طریقہ!🟢
ایک تحقیق کے مطابق، وہ چوہے جنہیں چکنائی والی غذا دی گئی تھی، جب انہیں **سبز چائے اور وٹامن E** پر مشتمل قدرتی موتیوں (beads) کا استعمال کروایا گیا تو انہوں نے صرف چند دنوں میں **اپنا 17 فیصد وزن کم کر لیا** — وہ بھی **بغیر کسی معدے یا نظامِ ہضم کے مضر اثرات** کے!
📢 اچھی خبر یہ ہے کہ اب **انسانوں پر بھی تجربہ جاری ہے**، اور اگر نتائج مثبت آئے تو یہ وزن کم کرنے کا ایک **محفوظ، سادہ اور قدرتی طریقہ** بن سکتا ہے۔
✅ بغیر سرجری
✅ بغیر دوا کے نقصان دہ اثرات
✅ صرف سبز چائے اور وٹامن E
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06/09/2025
Two large real-world trials (DANFLU-2 and GALFLU) found high-dose influenza vaccines provide superior protection against flu and better prevent hospitalizations compared to standard doses. Published in NEJM and presented at the 2025 European Society of Cardiology congress, the results support including respiratory infection vaccination in cardiovascular prevention strategies for older adults. http://ms.spr.ly/6182s5zYG
29/07/2025
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30/04/2025
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26/02/2025
20/01/2025
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"People are often unreasonable, illogical and self-centered. Forgive them anyway.
If you are kind, people may accuse you of selfish, ulterior motives. Be kind anyway.
If you are successful, you will win some false friends and some true enemies. Succeed anyway.
If you are honest and frank, people may cheat you. Be honest and frank anyway.
What you spend years building, someone could destroy overnight. Build anyway.
If you find serenity and happiness, they may be jealous. Be happy anyway.
The good you do today, people will often forget tomorrow. Do good anyway.
Give the world the best you have, and it may never be enough. Give your best anyway.
You see, in the final analysis, it is between you and your God. It was never between you and them anyway.
Mother Teresa
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