Dr. ILyas Mehsud

A graduate in Biology was having difficulty in finding a job. He saw an advert in one of the daily newspapers for a job at a zoo.
In the interview, the manager told him that their gorilla, which had been a tourists attraction has died so they needed someone to dress up and pretend as a gorilla.
The graduate was embarrassed, but since the salary was okay, he accepted the job.
The first day, he put on the gorilla skin and entered the cage, he started jumping up and down, beating his chest and roared like a gorilla.
The next day, he put on a gorilla skin and started moving around the zoo again and mistakenly entered another cage and found himself staring at a lion.
The lion r0ared and rushed towards him.
The scared graduate quickly forgot that he is a g0rilla and started shouting like a human, 🗣️"Help! Help!" The lion leaped onto him, knocked him to the ground and whispered in his ear *Dennis*, it's me Mike, your course mate."
My brother, No job in this country, Infact that croc0dile🐊 in that water is not a crocodilie, it is John😂l

A Good Phlebotomist must :
- Be Familiar with phlebotomy techniques, SOPs and other protocols.
- Manage stock of phlebotomy section updated for ongoing activities.
- Ensure patients identification prior to sample collection.

*Important values in urinary system*✨💉💫

*GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate):* Normal range varies with age but is typically around 90-120 mL/min or 180L/D

*Creatinine Clearance:* Normal values vary but are generally around 85-135 mL/min for men and 75-115 mL/min for women.

*BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen*
): Normal range is about 7-20 mg/dL.

*Urine Output* : On average, adults produce 1-2 liters of urine per day.

*Urine Specific Gravity* : Normal values range from 1.005 to 1.030.

*pH Level:* Normal urine pH is typically between 4.5 and 8.0.

*Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (ACR):* Normal ACR is usually less than 30 mg/g.

*Electrolyte Levels*

*Sodium (Na):* Normal range is around 135-145 mEq/L.

*Potassium (K):* Normal range is about 3.5-5.0 mEq/L.

*Calcium (Ca):*
Normal range is approximately 8.5-10.2 mg/dL.

*Phosphate (PO4):* Normal range is roughly 2.5-4.5 mg/dL.

*Knowledge About Blood*

1. Which is known as ‘River of Life’?
*Answer: Blood*
2. Blood circulation was discovered by?
*Answer: William Harvey*
3. The total blood volume in an adult?
*Answer: 5-6 Litres*
4. The pH value of Human blood?
*Answer: 7.35-7.45*
5. The normal blood cholesterol level?
*Answer: 150-250 mg/100 ml*
6. The fluid part of blood?
*Answer: Plasma*
7. Plasma protein fibrinogen has an active role in?
*Answer: Clotting of blood*
8. Plasma protein globulins functions as?
*Answer: Antibodies*
9. Plasma proteins maintain the blood pH?
*Answer: Albumins*
10. Biconcave discs shaped blood cell?
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
*11. Non nucleated blood cell?*
*Answer: RBC* (Erythrocytes)
12. Respiratory pigments present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
13. Red pigment present in RBC?
*Answer: Haemoglobin*
14. RBC produced in the?
*Answer: Bone marrow*
15. Iron containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Haem*
16. Protein containing pigment of Haemoglobin?
*Answer: Globin*
17. Graveyard of RBC?
*Answer: Spleen*
18. Blood bank in the body?
*Answer: Spleen*
19. Life span of RBC?
*Answer: 120 Days*
20. Total count is measured by an instrument known as?
*Answer: Haemocytometer*
21. A decrease in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Anemia*
22. An increase in RBC count is known as?
*Answer: Polycythemia*
23. A high concentration of bilirubin in the blood causes?
*Answer: Jaundice*
24. The disease resistant blood cell?
*Answer: WBC (leucocytes)*
25. Which WBC is known as soldiers of the body?
*Answer: Neutrophils*
26. Largest WBC?
*Answer: Monocyes*
27. Smallest WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
28. Antibodies producing WBC?
*Answer: Lymphocytes*
29. Life span of WBC?
*Answer: 10-15 days*
30. Blood cell performs an important role in blood clotting?
*Answer: Thrombocytes (Platelets)*
31. Vessels is called?
*Answer: Thrombus*
32. Anticoagulant present in Blood?
*Answer: Heparin*
33. A hereditary bleeding disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*
34. Bleeder’s disease?
*Answer: Haemophilia*

*Cell: Nucleus and Chromosomes*

🌻Controlling center/ Master mind of the cell *Nucleus*

🌻Four different types of chromosomes *Metacentric,Submeta, Acrocentric, Telocentric* have same size..

🌻Histone proteins wrapped around DNA.. *Chromatin*

🌻Function of *Nucleolus* synthesis of *r-RNA*

🌻Nuclear material with out nuclear membrane *Bacteria & Cyanobacteria*

🌻Nucleoplasm is in continuity with cytoplasm through *Nuclear pores*

🌻The term *Nucleolus* was coined by *Bowmann* and was discovered by *Fontana*

🌻Karyolymph is a *Nuclear sap* or *Colloidal sap or Nucleoplasm*

🌻The nuclear spindle consists of *Three type fibers*

🌻The study of nucleus is *Karyology*

🌻Spindle fibers attaches to *Kinetochore of the chromosomes*

🌻Nucleoli are rich in *DNA,RNA and Protein*

🌻Histone proteins are *basic*

🌻The structure of nuclear membrane facilitates *Nucleo-Cytoplasmic exchange of materials*

🌻The nucleus is coverd by Double membranes

🌻Spindle chromosomes have *Kinetichore*

🌻L-shaped chromosomes are called *Sub-metacentric*

🌻The telomers of eukaryotic chromosomes consist of short sequence of *Guanine rich repeats*

🌻Chromosomes are present in *Nucleolus*

🌻Two sets of Homologues chromosomes each with two chromatids *Tetrad*

🌻Nucleolemma is a part of *Nuclear membrane*

🌻Minimum haploid numbers of chromosomes in Plant kingdom *02*

🌻Nucleoproteins in a cell are synthesized in *Outside the nucleolus*

🌻The s*x chromosomes of plants were first discovered in *Flowering plants*

🌻The part which does not take stain *Centromere*

🌻DNA is mainly found in *Nucleus only*

🌻Circular DNA is not found in *Eukaryotic cell*

Khyber Medical University
Laptop Distribution Plan

Standard: Weights and Measurements of Normal Organs.