MBBS stuffs

facts about Iron.
1)total iron in body.. 3-4 g,of which 2/3 rd is in haemoglobin.
2) vitamin c helps in Iron absorption by reducing its most readily available form,fe+3 into fe+2 which is most soluble and easily absorbable

the kidneys receive aprox ______ % of the total cardiac out put.
hint is in the comment.

the normal glomerular filtration fraction in a healthy adult is about ______ %.

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MMSE or
mini mental state examination
is a scoring test used to identify and grade dementia.The total or highest score is 30 while 24 and above it is normal,while below it is considered dementia.

The key points in the given scenario are:
1)assymetric limb weakness
2)lower motor neuron signs in upper limb(absent reflexes)
3) upper motor neuron signs in lower limb(brisk reflexes+Babinski's +)
4)intact sensations(sensory system is spared)
5) muscles atrophy
All these are the diagnostic points of classical motor neuron disease,that is also called,
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.

A) adrenal insufficiency
B) cognitive impairment
C) conductive hearing loss
D) epilepsy
E) sensorineural hearing loss

Ligament of treitz:
In the given picture the green colored band is known as ligament of treitz.
It connects the doudeno jejunal junction to the right crus of diaphragm for stabilization and thus is also called suspensory muscle of doudenum.
The anatomical significance of this ligament is"it marks the boundary between upper and lawer GI tract".

what is decompensated chronic liver disease?
A liver dysfunction that results in any of the following signs/symptoms is labeled as decompensated,
Hepatic encephalopathy
haematemesis (due to variceal rupture)
capit medusae
ascites
may or may not yellow discoloration of sclera i.e Jaundice.

Upper GI bleeding;
common causes are
peptic ulcer disease, variceal bleeding,gastritis, esophagitis and malignancy
then less common causes can be Mallory wiese syndrome, vascular malformations like aneurysm and bleeding tendencies like haemophilia,vit K deficiency etc.

Fact of hemolysis;
All the diseases which have tendency to hemolysis,the spleen will be enlarged except one disease,that is
sickle cell anaemia: in SCA the spleen keeps enlarging upto the age of ten years then after due to the occlusion of own blood supply of spleen tissues(due to sequestration of sickle shaped RBCs),the spleen get necrosed and shrinks down.