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Knowledge Arena, Bzu university, Multan (2026)

21/06/2026

11st year math Full book Mcqs according to Smart syallbus 2026

21/06/2026

11th year Biology 500 important MCQs according to Smart Syllabus. Achieve full marks in MCQs and secure 17/17 🌝🫀💯

20/06/2026

Ever wondered why mitochondria is called the powerhouse of the cell? ⚡
Watch this short animation and learn cellular respiration in an easy way.

20/06/2026

*>>>📘 11th Class Mathematics Punjab Board guess for Supplementry students Old syllabus*

⭐ High Probability Guess Paper (90% Chances)

*🔥 First Priority: Long Questions*

*Chapter 3: Matrices & Determinants*

Must Prepare:

Ex 3.3: Q3,4,5,8 (Complete), Q6(i), Q14(i)

Ex 3.4: Q6(ii)

Ex 3.5: Q1(i-ii), Q2(i-ii), Q5(ii)

*Chapter 4: Quadratic Equations (Complete Focus)*

Ex 4.2: Q6,10,17,18,20,21

Ex 4.3: Q2,6,10,12

Ex 4.4: Q1, Q5

Ex 4.5: Q10,12,15,16

Ex 4.6: Q3(i-iv), Q6, Q7(v-vii), Q8, Q9

Ex 4.7: Q5,6,7

Ex 4.8: Q2,5,9

Ex 4.9: Q2,5,6

*Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Trigonometry*

Ex 9.1: Q9,10,13,14,15

Ex 9.2: Q4–8

Ex 9.3: Q6 Complete

Ex 9.4: Q11–24

*Chapter 10: Trigonometric Identities*

Ex 10.1: Q4 Complete

Ex 10.2: Complete

Ex 10.3: Q1–14

Ex 10.4: Q3(iii), Q4, Q5

*Chapter 12: Application of Trigonometry*

Ex 12.4: Q5

Ex 12.5: Q6

Ex 12.6: Q8,9

Ex 12.8: Complete + Proof

Formula:

R=\frac{abc}{4\Delta}

*Chapter 13: Inverse Trigonometric Functions*

Ex 13.2: Q1–12

⭐ Important Short Questions

*Chapter 1: Number System*

Ex #1.1

Q1(i–iv)

Q2(i–xii)

Q4(i–ii)

Q5, Q6

Ex #1.2

Q4(i–iv)

Q5(i–iv)

Q6, Q7

Q13–16 Complete

Ex 1.3

Complete Exercise

*Chapter 6: Sequence & Series*

Ex 6.1 Complete

Ex 6.2 Q1–10

Ex 6.3 Q1–5

Ex 6.4 Q1–10

Ex 6.6 Q1–5, Q7, Q12

Ex 6.7 Q1–5

*Chapter 7: Permutation, Combination & Probability*

Ex 7.1 Complete

Ex 7.2 Q1–10

Ex 7.3 Q1–5

Ex 7.4 Q1–7

Ex 7.5 Q1–5

Ex 7.8 Q1-5

*⭐ Most Important Exercises (Must Do)*

Chapter Exercises

Ch 3 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
Ch 4 Complete
Ch 9 9.2, 9.3, 9.4
Ch 10 10.2, 10.3, 10.4
Ch 12 12.8
Ch 13 13.2

Preparation Order:
1️⃣ Long Questions first
2️⃣ Short Questions
3️⃣ Formulas + Examples Revision

یہ ترتیب Board paper کے لیے زیادہ practical ہے۔ 👍

20/06/2026

*_Math 1st year most important short questions or long questions_*👆🏻👆🏻👆🏻

𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛 𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠 !!🤲🏻♥️

20/06/2026

*11th Biology – New Important ALP SYLLABLES Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 1: Biodiversity and Classification*

1. Describe the major groups of Kingdom Protista and Kingdom Fungi.

2. Describe the general characteristics of the following animal phyla:
- Phylum Cnidaria
- Porifera
- Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Phylum Mollusca
- Nematoda
- Phylum Arthropoda
- Phylum Echinodermata
- Annelida

3. Describe the general characteristics of Phylum Chordata.

4. Describe the general characteristics of Domain Archaea and Bacteria or differentiate between Archaea and Bacteria.

*11th Biology – Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 2: Bacteria and Viruses*

1. Compare the cell walls of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

2. Describe the structure of a bacterial flagellum.

3. Explain the formation of endospores in bacteria.

4. Define normal flora and explain the benefits it provides.

5. Define the term normal flora. State the benefits which we get from normal bacterial flora.

6. Describe the structure of a model bacteriophage and HIV.

*11th Biology – Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 3: Cell and Subcellular Organelles*

1. Describe the structure and chemical composition of cell walls in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

2. Explain the chemical composition and functions of the plasma membrane.

3. Discuss the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins as cell surface markers.

4. Describe the structure, chemical composition, and function of ribosomes.

5. Explain the structure and functions of the Golgi complex.

6. Describe the structure, composition, and function of chromosomes.

7. Discuss the nuclear envelope and nuclear pore complex in detail.

8. Explain the role of the Golgi apparatus in producing cell secretions.

9. Describe the structure and functions of smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.

10. Explain the roles of lysosomes and peroxisomes in regulating cellular contents.

11. Describe the three types of fibers that form the cytoskeleton.

12. Explain the formation and functions of lysosomes.

13. Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts regarding their role in cellular energy processes.

14. Describe the basic structure of a mitochondrion from the outer membrane inward.

15. Trace the pathway of protein and steroid signals from outside the cell to their target.

16. Categorize and explain the different types of stem cells.

17. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using induced pluripotent stem cells.

18. Explain plastids.

*11th Biology – Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 9: Human Digestive System*

1. Explain the full process of digestion, from ingestion in the mouth to egestion in the large intestine, including mechanical and chemical digestion at each stage.

2. Describe the structure and function of the stomach in digestion.

3. Compare the roles of the small intestine and large intestine in digestion.

4. Explain how nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine.

5. Discuss the role of accessory organs (liver, gallbladder, and pancreas) in digestion.

6. Explain the hormonal and nervous regulation of gastric acid secretion.

*11th Biology – Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 11: Human Circulatory System*

1. Describe the structure of the heart walls and explain the thickness of each chamber.

2. Explain the flow of blood through the heart and how valves regulate it.

3. Describe how a heartbeat is initiated and controlled.

4. List and explain the components of pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation.

5. What are the main components of coronary, hepatic-portal, and renal circulation?

6. Define blood pressure and explain systolic and diastolic pressure.

7. Describe the structure and function of lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, and lymph ducts.

8. Explain ECG and identify the causes of Blue Baby Syndrome.

*11th Biology – Target Long Questions (Chapter Wise)*

*Chapter 12: Human Skeletal and Muscular System*

1. Explain the structure of bone.

2. Describe the structure of the three types of cartilage.

3. Describe the three types of muscles.

4. Explain the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle.

5. Describe the sliding filament model of muscle contraction in detail.

6. Explain the role of antagonistic muscles in movement.

7. Draw a diagram of a sarcomere and label its parts.

8. Describe the causes and symptoms of muscle fatigue, cramps, and tetany.

9. Briefly describe the bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

20/06/2026

*11th New Biology Guess paper Shorts Questions+Long Questions Gruntee in Exam Inshallah

*Chapter no.1*
*Short Questions*

1. What is meant by Phylogeny? Pg 1
2. Describe five kingdom system and write the name of scientist who discovered it. Pg 1
3. What is three domain system? Pg 1
4. What are the characters of domain archaea. Pg 2
5. Write any four characters of the organisms present in domain bacteria. Pg 3
6. What are extremophiles? Pg 4
7. Explain the structure of aukaryotes. Pg 5
8. How aukaryotes were originated? Pg 6
9. Write classification of man. Pg 7
10. Discuss major groups of fungi. Pg 8
11. Define Plant; write names of its major groups. Pg 8
12. Explain layers formation in sponges. 12
13. Describe germ layers of Cnidarians. 11
14. Difference between polyps and medusa. 12
15. Explain the excretory system of Planaria. 12
16. Why digestive system of Nematods is simple? Conceptual
17. Describe excretory system of Molluscs. 14
18. Write about the body organization, symmetry and body cavity of snails. 14
19. What is meant by metameric segmentation? 15
20. Explain the nervous system of animals of phylum Annelida. 16
21. Describe the body segmentation of insects. 16
22. Discuss excretory and nervous system of Arthropods. 16
23. Explain water vascular system of Echinoderms. 17
24. Describe characteristic features of Chordates. 18
25. Difference between subphylum Urochordata and cephalochordate. 19?

*Long Questions*

1. Write characteristic features of Domain Eukarya.
2. Give an account on phylum poriferra.
3. Write characteristic features of Phylum Mollusca.
4. Write a note on phylum arthropoda.
5. Discuss the featurs of phylum echinodermata.
6. Comapare excretory, digestive, nervous and reproductive sytems of Fklat worms and Round worms.

*Chapter no.2*
*Short Questions*

1. Define bacteria. Pg 33
2. Why bacteria are called prokaryotes? 33
3. Draw the labelled diagram of a generalized bacterium. 34
4. Describe the structurural composition of bacterial cell wall.34
5. Differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. 34
6. What is the significance of outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. 34
7. What is the function of bacterial capsule? 35
8. Describe structure and function of plasma membrane in bacteria. 35
9. What are mesosomes? State two functions of mesocomes. 35
10. What do you know about nucleoid? 35
11. What are plasmids? Give its significance. 35
12. Difference between endospore and sporulation. 35
13. Define flagellum. State the function of bacterial flagella. 38
14. What are pili? Give its importance. 38 (Box)
15. Why do bacteria form endospores? 36
16. Define Normal Flora. Describe its 2 benefits. 42
17. What is the basic structure of a virus? 43
18. Define bacteriophage. Give its significance in genetic engineering. 43,44 (Box)
19. What type of nucleic acid is found in viruses? 43
20. Discuss the structure of bacteriophage. Also draw and label it. 44
21. Explain the discovery of HIV. 45
22. How normal flora stimulates the production of cross reactive antibodies? 42
23. Draw and label the structure of HIV. 45
24. How envelope of a virus is formed? 43
25. Why HIV is so fatal and deadly? 45

*Long Questions*

1. Distuinguish between cell wall of Gram positive and Gram negative baceteria.
2. Write a note on Endospore formation in bacteria.
3. Classify bacteria on the basis of numbers and locations of flagella. Also explain the structure of flagella in bacertia.
4. Give an account on Normal Flora.
5. Write a note on structure of bacteriophage.

*Chapter no.3*
*Short Questions*

1. State the fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane. Pg 56
2. Differentiate between passive and active transport with examples. 79,81
3. What is facilitated diffusion? Which kinds of proteins are used in this process? 80
4. Difference between osmosis and reverse camosis. 81,82
5. Differentiate between hypotonic and hypertonic solutions. 81 (Box)
6. What is active transport? Also explain it through carrier proteins. 82
7. What is endocytosis? Also describe its types. 83
8. Define receptor mediated endosytosis. 83
9. State the chemical composition of layers of plant cell wall. 55
10. What is middle lamella? Give its signifceance. 55
11. Describe the subunits of nuclear pore complex. 61
12. What is nucleolus? Describe its components. 61
13. Define chromatin. Differentiate between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin. 62 (Box)
14. Differentiate between RER and SER. 63,64
15. What is Golgi apparatus? Describe its faces. 68
16. State one function of Golgi apparatus. 68
17. Why Svedberg units are not additive? 65 (Box)
*18.* Compare the proteins formed to compleic, symmetry and body txemals? 14
*19.* What are excretory content of Molluscs centemals? 15
*20.* What are the nervous a system of phylum Annelida. 16 (Box)
*21.* Describe the body segmentationt of Arthnoporms. 17
*22.* Describe the nodysis system of Chordates. 18
*24.* Describe characterist subhylum Urochodata and cephalichordate. 19?
*25.* What is major groups of fungi. Pg 75
*26.* Explain the sttructure of aukaryotes. Conceptual
*27.* Explain chassification of mar. Pg 74
*28.* Describe the mamn of in songes. Pg 76
*29.* What are the protein groups of ChiliaIaras. Pg 79
*30.* Compare the nerns at groups of anneses. Pg 70
*31.* Compare the exretory of Chidiaris. 72
*32.* Compare the exretory system of annelidas. Pg 8.1 (Box)
*33.* Compare the nervous system of Anolluses. Pg 71
*34.* Dempare the nervou system of insveses. Pg 72
*35.* What are two problems related to amir-acid? Pg 81
*36.* What are two problems related of antanapods? 88
*37.* Compare the nosus system of Echinoderms. 80
*37.* Compare the plature formed on phline stem cells? (Box)
*38.* Compare the character of embryonic stem cells? (Box)
*39.* What are two problems related to embryonic stem cells? 85
*40.* What are two problems related to embryonic stem cells? 85

*Long Questions*
1. Give a detailed account on cell wall of a eukaryotic cell
2. Give a detailed account on cell wall of a eukaryotic cell
3. Give a detailed account on phylum Mollusca.
4. Give a detailed account on phylum Mollusca.
5. Give a acount on phylum atinopoda.
6. Discuss the featurs of phylum.oods.
7. Discuss the featurs of phylum iniseus.
8. Discuss the featurs of phylum echinoderate ithordates.
9. Discuss the featurs of stemadms.
9. Categorize and explain different type cells
10. Categorize and explain different types of stem cells

*Chapter no.4*
*Short Questions*
1. What is the importance of hydrogen bonding in water? Pg 96
2. Describe tihe kingdom system and sephite celiaaasoprials? (Box)
3. What are the characters of domain archaea. Pg 9 (Box)
4. What are the characters of domain rylase? Pg 96
5. What are the characters of oukaryotes? Pg 96
6. What are the characters of entropcytes? Pg 96
7. What are the characters of Cnidarias? Pg 96
9. What are the characters of body flavis? Pg 108
10. What are the characters of monnatic plans? Pg 107
11. What are the characters of majored plant? Pg 107
12. What are the featurs of pround flaid. Pg 107
13. Draw the general structure of an araio acid. 108
14. Draw the general structure of polypamtopodical phygen. (Box)
15. Draw the general structure of an androx. 108
16. Draw the general structure of an amino acid. 108

*17.* How peptide bond is formed between glycine and alanine? 109
*18.* Describe secondary structure of protein. 110
*19.* How sickle cell haemoglobin is formed? 110
*20.* Difference between fibrous and globular protein? 112 (Table)
*21.* Describe the diagnostic tool of anaemia. 110
*22.* What are Reprssor proteins? 114
*23.* Difference between fats and oils. 114
*24.* Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? 115
*25.* How triacylglycerols are formed? 116
*26.* Draw the structure of phosphotidylcholine. 117
*27.* Difference between nucleotide and nucleoside. 119
*28.* Draw the structure of adenine and thymine nucleotides. 120
*29.* Draw the sketch of phosphodiester bond. 121
*30.* Draw the sketch of ATP. 121
*31.* Describe any 4 points of Watson and Crick model. 122
*32.* What is Gene and what happens when a gene is switched on? 123
*33.* Describe three types of RNA. 123
*34.* What is central Dogma? 124
*35.* What do you know about Glycoproteins and Nucleoproteins? 124

*Long Questions*
1. Write a note on solvent properties of water.
2. Give an account on isomers of monosaccharides.
3. How disaccharides are formed?
4. Write a note on structure and types of amino acids.
5. Explain secondary and tertiary structure of protein.
6. Write a note on Acylglycerol.
7. Write a detailed note on Watson and Crick model of DNA.

*Chapter no.5*
*Short Questions*
1. Define enzyme. Pg 127
2. What are cofactors? Name the three types. 128
3. Define coenzyme with one example. 129
4. What is a prosthetic group? Give an example. 129
5. What is meant by apoenzyme and holoenzyme? 128
6. What is activation energy? 129
7. Define active site. 128
8. Differentiate between binding site and catalytic site. 128
9. What is an enzyme-substrate complex? 129, 130
10. Explain lock-and-key model in one sentence. 130
11. Why is the induced-fit model considered more accurate? 130
12. How do enzymes lower activation energy? 129
13. Name any four metal ions used as cofactors. 128
14. What is the role of NAD⁺ in enzyme reactions? 129
15. Why are some enzymes produced in inactive forms? Give an example. 128
16. Define enzyme inhibition. 133
17. Differentiate between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. 134
18. What is a reversible inhibitor? Give an example. 135
19. What is an irreversible inhibitor? Give an example. 135
20. What is feedback inhibition? 136
21. Name the six classes of enzymes based on reactions. 136

*22.* What are oxidoreductases? 136
*23.* What are transferases? 136
*24.* What are hydrolases? Give one example. 136
*25.* What are isomerases? 136
*26.* What are ligases? 137
*27.* Define proteases with examples. 137
*28.* What are lipases? Give one example. 137
*29.* What are carbohydrases? Give two examples. 137
*30.* What are nucleases? Give one example. 137
*31.* Why do different cells have different sets of enzymes? 127,128
*32.* Give an example of enzyme present in organelle membranes. 128
*33.* What is metabolism? Why are enzymes essential for it? 127

*Chapter no.6*
*Short Questions*

1. Define compensation point. 142
2. How photosynthesis is a redox process? Describe it with an equation. 147
3. Define action spectrum. How it was discovered? 146
4. Describe the components of photosystem. 146
5. What are the key events of light dependent reactions? 148
6. Enlist the components of Z scheme. And explain why it is called Z scheme? 149,150
7. Describe photolysis of water during non-cyclic phosphorylation. 148
8. Write the names of dark reaction phases? Why these phases are named as? 151
9. Write the equations of both types of fermentation. 153
10. How anaerobic respiration shifted to aerobic respiration in the early stages of life? 154
11. Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration? Conceptual
12. Explain the process of pyruvic acid oxidation. 156
13. What is link reaction? Where it occurs? 156
14. What is oxidative decarboxylation? Where it occurs during Krebs cycle? 157
15. Draw the pathways of electrons in respiratory ETC. 158
16. What is substrate level phosphorylation? 159
17. Define Bioenergetics. And describe the importance of energy. 140
18. How CO₂ is reduced during light dependent reaction? Conceptual, 147
19. Sketch oxidative phase of glycolysis. 155
20. Why Krebs cycle is called Citric acid cycle? 156

*Long Questions*

1. Discuss role of water in photosynthesis.
2. Explain the process of Non cyclic phosphorylation.
3. Give a detailed account on Chemiosmosis.
4. Describe the phases of Calvin cycle. Also draw its sketch.
5. What is the mechanism of anaerobic respiration?
6. Explain the phases of Glycolysis. Also draw its sketch.
7. Describe how the Krebs cycle is the completion of oxidation of Glycolytic products.
8. Write a detailed note on Respiratory ETC.

14. Write the difference between saprophytic and parasitic bacteria?
15. Differentiate between facultative and microaerophilic bacteria?
16. Name four distinct phases of bacterial growth. Write four stages of growth in bacteria.
17. Define conjugation.
18. Write down the medical importance of bacteria.
19. What is sterilization?
20. Differentiate between antiseptics and disinfectants.
21. Distinguish between antiseptics from disinfectants?
22. What are use and misuse of antibiotics?
23. Give two benefits of cyanobacteria?
24. Define water bloom? What is their effect on animals?
25. Define Hormogonia.
26. Define Akinetes.
27. Differentiate between Lopotrichous and Amphitrichous.
28. Differentiate between microbicidal and microbistatic effect.
29. Define chemotaxis.
30. Give structure and composition of bacterial cell wall.
31. Differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.
32. What is heterocyst? Give its importance.
33. Differentiate between hormogonia and akinetes.
34. Differentiate between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.

*Long Questions*
1. Describe in detail the structure of bacterial cell wall, emphasizing on Gram positive and Gram negative properties.
2. Write an account of different methods used for controlling microbes.
3. Discuss the role of antibiotics and immunization in controlling bacterial diseases. What problem can arise due to misuse of antibiotics?
4. Describe general characteristics of Cyanobacteria with special reference to Nostoc.
5. Write Notes on:
(a) Kock’s postulates (b) Shape of bacteria
(c) Flagella and pilli (d) Growth in bacteria

*Chapter no.7*
*Short Questions*
1. What are Protists?
2. Name four major groups of Kingdom Protista?
3. Write down three characters of Giant Amoeba?
4. What is giant amoeba?
5. What are trichonymphas?
6. What are Choanoflagellates?
7. Write two characteristics of ciliates.
8. What are function of micronucleus and macronucleus?
9. Differentiate between micronucleus and macronucleus.
10. What is chemical composition of shells of foraminifera and Actinopods?
11. What are limestone deposits? How they are formed.
12. How is chalk formed?
13. Define dinoflagellates.
14. Write down two characteristics of Dinoflagellates.
15. What are red tides?

*Chapter no.8*
*Short Questions*
1. Why are root hairs suitable for absorption of water? 184
2. How do guard cells regulate opening and o'stomata? 181
3. How does phloem tissue facilitate food transport? 187
4. Explan are stomata? How hormones controll and closing? 181
5. Explain thre structure applast and symplast pathway 184
6. Describe the types of sclerenchyms. 183
7. Describe three types of meristems. 187
11. What is the concept of *cell elongation* and cell differentiation? 190,191
12. Differennce between spring wood and autumr wood. 192
14. What are helophilblus hahophytes? 197
17. Define three types of plants on the basis of photoperiodism with examples. 198
20. What is dorchronocrop hypothesis? 192
23. What is TACT theory? 186
24. Difference between features of mesophytes and xerophytes, 195,196
25. How plants solve the problem of ice crystal formation in low temperature? 197

*Long Questions*
1. Write a note on opening and closing of stomata.
2. *Compare structures of* Xylem and phloem tissues.
3. Describe TACT theory in details.
4. What is pressure flow theory? Explain its steps.
5. How does secondary growth occur?

*Chapter no.9*
*Short Questions*
1. How does digestion convert *complex* food into simpler forms? 202
2. Why is chewing *important* in digestion? 204
3. Why does sailoric help in digestion of food? 204
4. Why does bilere help acid important in the stomach? 207
5. How does pertslasis is help in movement of food? 205
7. Why do villi messause the efficiency of absorption? 214
8. Name the pacers of alimentary canal. 205
9. What is saliva? White itis composition. Name the enzyme present in saliva. 204
20. Name the types of cells in the stomach and describe their functions. 207

*Long Questions*
1. Explain what happens with food in oral cavity.
2. How food si digested in stomach?
3. Give an account on absorption of digested food and water in small intestine.
4. Write the parts of large intestine and their functions.
5. Write a note on accessory digestive organs.

*Chapter no.10*
*Short Questions*
1. What is respiration and why is it necessary for living organisms? 215
2. Differentiate between breathing and respiration. 215
3. Name the main organs of human respiratory system. 215
4. What is the function of nasal cavity in respiration? 216
5. What is the function of pharynx? 217
6. Why is trachea kept open by cartilaginous rings? 218
7. What are alveoli and why are they important? 218
8. How does large surface area of alveoli help in respiration? 219,220
9. Why oxygen is transported in combination with haemoglobin? 224
10. What is inhalation? How do ribs move during inhalation? 220
11. What is the role of diaphragm in inhalation? 220
12. What is exhalation? How does diaphragm move during exhalation? 220
13. What is bronchitis? 228
14. What is meant by cellular respiration? 215
15. Name the components of upper and lower respiratory tract. 216,217,218
16. Explain respiratory system of birds. 220
17. What are the symptoms of sinusitis? 225
18. What do you know about COPD? 228
19. Give the symptoms and treatment of chronic bronchitis. 228
20. Compare haemoglobin with myoglobin, any 9 points. 225

*Long Questions*
1. Write a note on mechanism of breathing.
2. Write a note on components of lower respiratory tract.
3. Describe the structure and functions of Heamoglobin and Myoglobin.
4. Discuss casues, symptoms and treatment of Pneumonia, Tuberculosis and emphysema. (any 2)

*Chapter no.11*
*Short Questions*
1. What is meant by circulatory system? 231
2. What are the functions of blood in human body? 231
3. Differentiate between plasma and blood cells. 231
4. Name the types of blood cells found in human blood. 231
5. What is heart and where is it located? 232
6. Name the chambers of human heart. 233
7. Why is left ventricle thicker than right ventricle? 234
8. What is the function of valves in heart? 233
9. Why is heart beat rhythmic? 236
10. What is meant by double circulation? 234
11. What is pulse and how is it produced? 245
12. What is blood pressure? 245
13. Differentiate between systolic and diastolic pressure. 245
14. What is lymph? 250

15. How does lymph differ from blood? 250
16. What is the role of lymphatic system in immunity? 251
17. What is coronary circulation? 234
18. Name the components of Lymphatic system. 250
19. Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure? 245
20. Describe hepatic portal circulation. 244
21. What are Blue babies? 238
22. Explain QRS segment of ECG. 238
23. What is meant by QT interval? 238
24. Describe hepatic portal circulation. 244
25. How sound of heart beat is produced? 235

*Long Questions*
1. Write a note on chambers and valves of heart.
2. Give an account on control of heart beat.
3. Describe ECG in details.
4. Write a note on Lymphatic ssytem.
5. Describe 2 pathways of systemic circulation.

*Chapter no.12*
*Short Questions*
1. What are the main functions of the human skeletal system? Conceptual
2. Differentiate between axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. 262
3. What is the function of skull bones? Also write their names. 260
4. Why are cranial bones immovable? 263
5. What is the role of vertebral column in humans? Name first and second vertebrae. 261
6. Name the regions of vertebral column in correct order. 261
7. How does rib cage protect vital organs? Classify ribs. 262
8. What is the function of pectoral girdle? Write the names of its bones. 256
9. What is bone marrow and what is its function? 256
10. Differentiate between red bone marrow and yellow bobo marrow. 256
11. Differentiate between movable and immovable joints. 263,264
12. What type of joint is present in shoulder? 264
13. Why is knee joint called a hinge joint? 264
14. What is a ball and socket joint? Give one example. 264
15. What is cartilage and where is it found? 258
16. How does cartilage differ from bone? 258
17. Name the three types of muscles found in human body. Also write their locations. 270
18. Why are skeletal muscles called voluntary muscles? 270
19. Why are smooth muscles called involuntary muscles? 270
20. How do cardiac muscles differ from skeletal muscles? 270
21. Differentiate between tendon and ligament. 264
22. What is meant by antagonistic muscles? 275
23. Explain the role of biceps and triceps in arm movement. 275
24. Why do muscles get tired after continuous work? 276
25. What is muscle cramp? 276
26. How does nervous system control muscle contraction? 273,274
27. What is the role of ATP in muscle contraction? 275
28. Difference between saddle joint and Gliding joint. 269
29. Write the names of paired facial bones. 260
30. Write the names of bones of hind limb. 263

*Long Questions*
1. Discuss structure of bone in details.
2. Write a note on appendicular skeleton.
3. Give an account of joints and its types.
4. Explain strucure of skeletal muscle in details.
5. What is the arrangement of skeleton muscle at moveable joints.

19/06/2026

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19/06/2026

*📢 1st Year Biology Pairing Scheme 2026 |*

19/06/2026

اسلام آباد: فیڈرل بورڈ آف ریونیو (FBR) نے پیر کے روز انکشاف کیا کہ 8,697 ایسے افراد ہیں جن کے بینک کھاتوں میں 750 ارب روپے کی رقوم موجود ہیں، لیکن انہوں نے صفر آمدنی (Zero Income) ظاہر کی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ، جائیداد خریدنے والے بڑے خریداروں میں سے تقریباً 80 فیصد نے اپنے ٹیکس گوشواروں میں اپنی جمع شدہ رقوم (Deposits) کو حقیقت سے کم ظاہر کیا۔

ایف بی آر نے یہ انکشاف سینیٹ کی قائمہ کمیٹی برائے خزانہ و محصولات کے اجلاس میں کیا، جو سلیم مانڈوی والا کی سربراہی میں فنانس بل 2026 کا تفصیلی جائزہ لے رہی تھی۔

کمیٹی کو بتایا گیا کہ ڈیٹا کے تجزیے سے تقریباً 8,697 ایسے افراد کی نشاندہی ہوئی ہے جن کے بینک کھاتوں میں مجموعی طور پر تقریباً 750 ارب روپے موجود ہیں، مگر انہوں نے کوئی انکم ٹیکس ادا نہیں کیا۔ اس صورتحال نے ٹیکس نیٹ کو وسعت دینے اور ٹیکس قوانین کی بہتر پابندی یقینی بنانے کی ضرورت کو اجاگر کیا ہے۔

ایف بی آر حکام نے مزید بتایا کہ زیادہ بینک ڈپازٹس رکھنے والے 98.9 فیصد افراد نے اپنے بینک لین دین (Bank Flows) کو اصل مقدار سے کم ظاہر کیا

Knowledge Arena

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