Research on Surface Water & Ground Water

Water Facts - Worldwide Water Supply

- Water covers about 71% of the earth's surface.
- 326 million cubic miles of water on the planet
- 97% of the earth's water is found in the oceans (too salty for drinking, growing crops, and most industrial uses except cooling).
- 320 million cubic miles of water in the oceans
- 3% of the earth's water is fresh.
- 2.5% of the earth's fresh water is unavailable: locked up in glaciers, polar ice caps, atmosphere, and soil; highly polluted; or lies too far under the earth's surface to be extracted at an affordable cost.
- 0.5% of the earth's water is available fresh water.
If the world's water supply were only 100 liters (26 gallons), our usable water supply of fresh water would be only about 0.003 liter (one-half teaspoon).
- In actuality, that amounts to an average of 8.4 million liters (2.2 million gallons) for each person on earth.
- This supply is continually collected, purified, and distributed in the natural hydrologic (water) cycle.

WHAT IS WATER POLLUTION?

Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. ... Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non-point sources.

SURFACE WATER

Surface water is any body of water above ground, including streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands, reservoirs, and creeks. The ocean, despite being saltwater, is also considered surface water.

WASTE WATER

Wastewater is any water that has been contaminated by human use.
Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration".

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Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Cations, anions, salts, metals and minerals that are dissolved in water referred as Dissolved solids. Total dissolved solids (TDS) contains on inorganic salts (mainly calcium, chlorides, bicarbonates, potassium, magnesium, sulfates and sodium) along with minor quantities of organic matters that are dissolved in water.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are described by way of combination to all of organic and inorganic materials confined in water which contains the potential to cross from a filter of 2 micron. Normally, TDS considered as amount regarding all of water’s cations and anions. Ionic compounds & Ions which form TDS normally contain phosphate, chloride, magnesium, calcium bicarbonate, fluoride, carbonate, nitrate, potassium, sulfate and sodium, furthermore that any ion that is moving will add to the total dissolved solids.
The organic ions comprise contaminants, hydrocarbons and herbicides. Additionally, TDS involved organic matters of soil mixtures for example humic / fulvic acids. There are numerous methods for calculation of TDS. In all of them, easiest way is just put filter and let the water flow through it, after that vaporize at around 180° C in a dish that is pre-weighed until and unless any change occur in the weight of the dish. Any change regarding the heaviness of the dish denotes the availability and the quantity of TDS that is further described in the unit as mg/L. The sample of water that has TDS could be calculated through the sample’s Electrical Conductivity by means of the equation of linear correlation dependent over specific conductivity.
Lastly, TDS could be measured by calculating separable ions & combining all of them with each other. Normally It is not measured a principal contaminant with any related health impacts in human drinking water values.

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Total suspended solids (TSS) represent the type of solids that cannot pass through the filter and trapped easily. TSS contains a wide variety of material that includes floating materials, silt, animal matter decaying plant, along with sewage and industrial wastes. Elevated intensification regarding the suspended solids can be source regarding numerous difficulties Health of stream and organisms living in water.
Total suspended solids (TSS) comprise altogether elements that are suspended in water and unable to cross from the filter. Suspended solids contained in wastewater of sanitary and in various kinds of manufacturing wastewater. Suspended solids contain many nonpoint sources such as erosion of soil from construction sites and agricultural land. As limits of TSS increases, a body of water starts to drop its capability to provision of a diversity of life in that aquatic system. The presence of Suspended solids in water bodies cause the absorption of heat from sunlight that will increase Temperature of water and similarly reduces ranks of dissolved oxygen (as less oxygen hold in warmer water in comparison of cooler water). Certain species of cold water that includes stoneflies and trout are particularly delicate concerning the changes in dissolved oxygen. Photosynthesis too reduces; meanwhile fewer lights pe*****te the water. By way of fewer oxygen is formed by floras and algae, there is an additional fall in levels of Dissolved Oxygen (D.O).
TSS generally contains the potential to destroy fish habitat due to its property of settle down to the bottommost and can ultimately cover in the bottom surface of the water reservoir. Suspended solids can suffocate the eggs of fish and aquatic insects, and can cause asphyxia to newly-hatched larvae of worms. Suspended solids also have direct harms as in case of fish clogging gills, and decreasing their resistance to fight against diseases. Certain changes into the water environment could outcome in reduced sources of nutrition and augmented problems in discovering nutrition’s. Normal migrations and movements of populations living in water may be interrupted. For specific sources, acceptable management is essential to confirm that suspended solids are not available at levels of concern in waters.
Treatment classically contains of settle down earlier to release of the wastewater. Settle down lets solids to drop in to the bottommost, wherever these could be cleaned easily. Few kinds of wastewaters, for example noncontact cooling waters that contains very low concentration of suspended solids naturally and don’t need any type of treatment.

pH
This instrument used to calculate that how much Basic or Acidic a substance is. Generally, the pH instrument calculates the activity of hydrogen ions in a solution. It is approximately same as the concentration of the ions of hydrogen.
Measurement of pH is required for almost all of the processes containing specifically water. Almost all of the living beings depend on a proper level of pH to sustain life. Entire living beings including all human beings and animals depend on their internal mechanism that maintains the pH level in their blood. If blood pH (7.35 – 7.45) limit exceeds around one‐tenth of a pH unit, it could cause death. If the soil is maintained at an appropriate level of pH, it gives best growth for the agriculture related commodities. Every crop requires diverse levels of pH according to their process. So, in this scenario, one size cannot be fitted all. Rainwater is naturally acidic (< 7.0 pH). pH 5.6 is normally in Rain water but, in few areas, it rises to damaging levels around 4 - 5 pH levels because of the presence of atmospheric pollutants. The combustion of fossil fuels including coal, releases various gases into the environment and when these gases combines with the water of rain, causes modification in structure and convert the water of rain into even extra acidic.

Assessment is the process of objectively understanding the state or condition of a thing, by observation and measurement. Assessment of teaching means taking a measure of its effectiveness. “Formative” assessment is measurement for the purpose of improving it. “Summative” assessment is what we normally call “evaluation.”



Evaluation is the process of observing and measuring a thing for the purpose of judging it and of determining its “value,” either by comparison to similar things, or to a standard. Evaluation of teaching means passing judgment on it as part of an administrative process.

Grab Sampling Method:

A grab sample is a sampling technique which is a single sample or measurement taken at a specific time or over as short a period, as feasible.
Grab samples provide an immediate sample, and are thus preferred for some tests. This is the most common type of sample and is the sampling technique used for most labs. An example of a grab sample would be collecting a beaker of raw water and testing it for pH.
A grab sample also known as a catch sample or individual sample.
Explanation:
A grab sample has following limitations:
• A grab sample takes a snapshot of the characteristics of the water at a specific point and time, so it may not be completely representative of the entire flow.

• Grab samples are most appropriate for small plants with low flows and limited staff who cannot perform continual sampling.
Since pH, dissolved oxygen and total residual chlorine can change very rapidly in water once the sample is removed from the flow, grab samples are preferred for these tests. Dip discrete and pump samples are examples of types of grab samples.
Grab samples must be collected carefully to make them as representative as possible of the water as a whole. They should be taken at a time of day when the plant is operating near its average daily flow rate. If grab samples are used to determine plant efficiency by collecting a raw water sample and a treated water sample, then the collection of the effluent should be delayed long enough after collection of the influent sample to allow for the raw water to pass completely through the treatment process. Grab samples should not be mixed together.

• The other effluent type is characteristic of ammonia production and ammonia containing products.
• Most of the contamination comes from ammonia production itself.
• It is characteristically high in ammonia from effluent gas scrubbing and gas cleaning operations and high in sodium hydroxide or carbonate from gas cleaning process.

Several alternatives are there for the treatment of Ammonia bearing wastes
1. Steam stripping
2. Air stripping in towers
3. Lagooning after pH adjustment
4. Biological nitrification and denitrification

• For all practical purposes, steam stripping for the ammonia removal from fertilizer wastes have been found to be uneconomical.
• Removal of Ammonia gas from the solution in an air stripping tower, packed with red wood stakes, is found to be very efficient method.
• Very encouraging results are obtained from some laboratory and pilot plant studies conducted by NEERI in the removal of Ammonia by simply lagooning the waste.
• It was found that considerable reduction in the Ammonia content can be accomplished just by retaining the Ammoniacal waste in an Earthen tank about 1m deep, for a day or two after a pretreatment of the waste by lime increase the pH to 11.0. Of course with urea containing waste, no reduction in urea content is observed within this period' Thus waste containing both urea and Ammonia required to be retained in the Lagoon for a longer period, to allow urea to decompose to ammonia first.

Biological nitrification involves oxidation of Ammonia to nitrate via nitrite under aerobic condition; this followed by the denitrification of the nitrified effluent under anaerobic condition; in which gaseous N2and N2O is the end product and is released to the atmosphere. The denitrification requires addition of some quantity of carbonaceous matter in the reactor.

• In all the Ammonia removal method described above, urea remain as untouched. If urea removal is required the urea containing wastes must be retained for a sufficiently long time in an earthen lagoon to allow it to decompose first to ammonia.