Online English Literature Academy by Maryam Khalid

Course Outline Part 1
M.A. (English) Part I Examination

(Outlines of Tests) Marks

Paper I (Classical Poetry) 100

Paper II (Drama) 100

Paper III (Novel) 100

Paper IV (Prose) 100

Paper V (American Literature) 100

Total 500 (Syllabus and course of reading)

Paper I: (Classical Poetry)

1. Chaucer The Prologue

2. Milton Paradise Lost Books I & Book IX

3. Donne Love/Divine Poems

4. Pope The R**e of the Lock.

5. Wyatt
The Long Love That in My Thought Doth Harbor,
Whose List to Hunt, Madam Withouen Many Words,
They Flee from Me. Is it Possible Forget Not Yet,
What should I say Stand who so list.

6. Surrey
My Friend the Things That Do Attain Love,
That Doth Reign and Live Within My Thought,
So Cruel Prison,
Wyatt Resteth Here.
Paper II: (Drama)

1. Sophocles Oedipus Rex

2. Marlowe Dr. Faustus

3. Shakespeare
Othello
The Winter’s Tale

4. Wilde The Importance of Being Earnest

Paper III: (Novel)

1. Trollope Barchester Towers

2. Jane Austen Pride & Prejudice

3. G. Eliot Adam Bede

4. Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

5. Hardy The Return of the Native

Paper IV: (Prose)

1. Bacon Essays:
Of Truth
Of Death
Of Revenge
Of Adversities
Of Simulation and Dissimulation
Of Parents and Children
Of Great Place
Of Nobilitie
Of Superstition
Of Friendship
Of Ambition
Of Studies

2. Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travels

3. Bertrand Russell Unpopular Essays

4. Edward Said Only the introduction to the book entitled “Culture and Imperialism”

5. Seamus Heaney Only the essay “The Redress of Poetry” from the book entitled The Redress of Poetry

Paper V: (American Literature)

Poetry

1. Adrienne Rich
Diving into the Wreck
Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers
Final Notation Gabriel

2. Sylvia Plath
Ariel
Morning Song
Poppies in October
The Bee Meeting
The Arrival of the Bee Box
Your

3. Richard Wilbur
Still Citizen Sparrow
After the last Bulletin
Marginalia

4. John Ashbury
Melodic Train
Painter
Drama

1. O’Neil Mourning becomes Electra (only the First of the Trilogy which is titled
‘The Home Coming’ is included in the M.A. Syllabus)

2. Miller The Crucible
Novel
1. Ernest Hemingway For whom the Bell Tolls
2. Toni Morrison Jazz

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What is a round character?
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work .

What is a soliloquy?
Soliloquy is a device use in drama in which a character speaks to himself or herself (thinking loud) by showing his feelings or thoughts to audience.

What is Neo-classicism?
Neo-classicism is a eighteenth century western movement of art, literature and architecture. They got inspiration from ancient Greece and ancient Rome.

What is a mock-epic?
Mock-epic is a poem in which satire, exaggeration, irony and sarcasm is used to mock the subject or used the epic style for the trivial subject etc.

What is a complex plot?
A complex plot according to Aristotle is that have ‘peripeteia’ (reversal) and ‘anagnorisis’ (denouement) without these is a simple plot.

What is interior monologue?
Interior monologue is the expression of internal thought, feelings and emotions of a character in dramatic or narrative form.

What is blank verse?
Blank verse is a form of poetry that written in iambic pentameter but un-rhymed.

What is Art for Arts’ sake?
“Art for Arts’ sake” is nineteenth century literary movement which gives importance to aesthetic pleasure instead of moral, didactic or utilitarian function of literature.

What is Epistolary novel?
Epistolary novel is a narrated work. In this type of novel the story is narrated through letters sent by the observer or by those who participating in the events. Example: 18th century’s novel ‘Richardson’s Pamela and Clarissa etc.

Differentiate between novel and novella.
Difference between novel and novella is length of the narrative work. Novella is shorter than novel and longer than short story but novel is long narrated work.

What is the difference between “Open form poetry” and “Closed form poetry”?
Close form poetry used the fix pattern of stanza, rhyme and meter etc. For example: sonnet, limerick, haiku and sestina etc. Open form poetry does not use these fix patterns.

What is the structure of Spenserian stanza?
Spenserian stanza consist of nine lines, eight lines are in iambic pentameter and followed by single line in iambic hexameter. The last line is called Alexandrine.

Differentiate between ‘Blank verse’ and ‘Free verse’.
‘Blank verse’ follows the fix meter like iambic pentameter and un-rhymed but ‘Free verse’ is also un-rhymed and does not follow the fix meter.

How can you define “Pastoral elegy”?
Pastoral elegy is a poem about death. In this poem poet expresses his grief for the dead in rural setting or about the shepherds.

What is ‘Point of View’?
‘Point of view’ is an opinion, judgment or attitude on a matter. It may be against are in favor.

Define plot. What are its various elements?
Plot is a logical arrangement of events in a story or play. The exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution are the elements of plot.

What is conflict?
Conflict is a problem or struggle in a story or play. It occurs in rising action, climax and falling action. It creates suspense and excitement in the story or play.

Define black comedy.
Black comedy is a humorous work in which human suffering regards as absurd and funny..

What do you mean by Theater of the absurd?
Theater of the absurd is one kind of drama in which absurdity emphasized and lack realistic and logical structure. For example: “Waiting for Godot” by Samuel Beckett.

How can you differentiate between flat and round characters?
A round character is a complex and dynamic. In this character improvement and change occurs during the course of work but flat character are uncomplicated and remains unchanged through the course of work.

What was the Oxford movement?
Oxford movement starts in 1833 and for the revival of Catholic doctrine in Anglican Church. It is against the conventional understanding of the religion.

Define Puritanism?
Puritanism is the religious movement starts in sixteen century and the goal of the movement is to purify the church of England from its Catholic practices.

What is Imagism?
Imagism is a movement of Anglo-American poets started in early nineteenth century in which they emphasize the use of clear images and simple and sharp language.

What is meant by Stream of Consciousness?
Stream of Consciousness is a technique of narration in which the series of thoughts in the mind of the character are presented. “To the Lighthouse” by Virginia Woolf is one example.

What is meant by Gothic Novel?
Gothic Novel is one type of novel. In this type the cruel passions and supernatural terror is presented. Example: Monastery or Haunted Castle etc.

What is Metaphysical Poetry?
Metaphysical poetry is a highly intellectualized poetry with the use of wit, imagery, conceits and paradox etc. It is obscure and rigid. For example: “John Donne’s poetry.

How to prepare for MA English?

Assalam O Alaikum Friends!

There are five papers in Part 1 and five in
part 2.

Each paper has 5 to 6 authors and u should prepare minimum 4 authors of each paper in order to attempt 100% paper (as you have to attempt minimum 4 questions in each paper and usually, at least one question is asked from each book). So if u prepare 4 authors of each paper u can attempt that paper.

Prepare the following questions and consult past papers to know the paper pattern. It will be beneficial to u.

Questions for MA English (Part 1)

Paper 1 - Classical Poetry

1. Chaucer - “The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales”

i. Chaucer’s Humour / Satire / Irony
ii. Chaucer’s art of Characterization
iii. Chaucer as a modern poet (humour, secularism etc.)
iv. Chaucer’s ecclesiastical characters (Church’s hypocrisy, Comparison & contrast between the characters)
v. Chaucer’s female characters

2. Alexander Pope – “R**e of the Lock”

i. “R**e of the Lock” as social satire
ii. “R**e of the Lock” as comic epic / mock epic
iii. Use of machinery (Supernatural elements etc.)
iv. Pope’s attitude towards women (Belinda’s character, Social satire)
v. Moral of the “R**e of the Lock”

3. Milton – “Paradise Lost”

i. Milton’s grand style
ii. Portrayal of Satan in “Paradise Lost”
iii. Who is the hero of Paradise Lost?
iv. Character sketch of Adam
v. Character sketch of Eve

4. Surrey & Wyatt

i. Surrey & Wyatt’s contribution of English Poetry
ii. Surrey & Wyatt as Sonnet writers (Comparison and Contrast)
iii. Critical appreciation of their Sonnets
Paper 2 – Drama

1. Sophocles – “Oedipus Rex”

i. Concept of Fate & Free will / Fate & Character
ii. Oedipus as a tragic Hero / Oedipus’ Hamartia
iii. Irony in Oedipus
iv. Role of Chorus

2. Marlow – “Dr. Faustus”

i. “Dr. Faustus” as a renaissance play
ii. “Dr. Faustus” as morality play
iii. “Dr. Faustus” as a modern tragedy / Spiritual Conflicts in the mind of Dr. Faustus
iv. Marlow’s contribution to English Drama
v. “Dr. Faustus” Character sketch (as a typical Marlow’s hero, qualities of Marlow’s hero)

3. Shakespeare – “Othello”

i. Othello’s character sketch
ii. Iago’s character sketch
iii. “Othello” as a social Tragedy (race & colour an important factor in Othello’s tragedy)
iv. Role of Chance & Misunderstanding (Chance Happening)

4. Oscar Wilde – “Importance of Being Earnest”

i. “Importance of Being Earnest” as a comedy (satire, style etc.)
ii. “Importance of Being Earnest” as a social satire
iii. Use of wit & paradoxical statements (Irony)
iv. Algernon’s Character sketch
v. Jack’s Character sketch
Paper 3 - Novel

1. Jane Austin - "Pride and Prejudice"

i. Jane Austin as a novelist (it will be a general question on Jane Austin encompassing all her writing techniques e.g. Limited Range, Irony etc).
ii. Jane Austin's Limited Range
iii. Jane Austin's Irony
iv. Themes of Marriage, Money and Manners.
v. Character sketch of Elizabeth
vi. Lack of Passion in Jane Austin's novels
vii. Jane Austen’s art of Characterization

2. George Eliot - "Adam Bede"

i. George Eliot as a psychological / modern novelist
ii. Character sketch of Adam Bede
iii. Character sketch of Hetty Sorrel
iv. Character sketch of Dinnah Morris
v. Relationship between Adam and Dinnah
vi. Theme of Hardness (Adam doesn’t show politeness. He judges everyone according to morality so he can’t develop relationships)

3. Charles Dickens - "A Tale of Two Cities"

i. "A Tale of Two Cities" as an historical novel
ii. Dickens’ attitude towards French Revolution
iii. Symbolism in the novel
iv. Theme of resurrection & renunciation
v. How public events and private lives are interlinked in the novel?

4. Thomas Hardy - "Return of the Native"

i. Character sketch of Clym
ii. Character sketch of Eustacia
iii. Role of Egdon Heath / nature
iv. Role of chance and coincidence / Role of fate
v. Hardy as a pessimist
vi. Hardy as an ameliorist
Paper 4 – Prose

1. Francis Bacon - “Essays”

i. Bacon’s Style (proverbial style, aphorisms, pithy style etc.)
ii. Bacon’s Worldly Wisdom
iii. Renaissance element in Bacon

2. Jonathan Swift – “Gulliver’s Travels”

i. Swift as a satirist
ii. Swift as a misanthrope
iii. Element of Utopia in “Gulliver’s Travels”
iv. Irony in “Gulliver’s Travels”

3. Bertrand Russell – “Unpopular Essays”

i. Bertrand Russell as prose writer / Bertrand Russell’s style
ii. A general note on his essays can be asked.

4. Seamus Heaney – “Redress of Poetry”

i. Heaney as a Prose Writer / Heaney’s Style
ii. Heaney’s arguments in favour of poetry

Paper 5 – American Literature

A. Poetry

1. Sylvia Plath

i. Critical appreciation of poems
ii. Psychological problems of Sylvia Plath
iii. Ambivalence in Sylvia Plath
iv. General Question on American Psyche

2. John Ashbery

i. Critical appreciation of poems

3. Adrienne Rich

i. Critical appreciation of poems

4. Richard Wilbur

i. Critical appreciation of poems

B. Drama

1. Arthur Miller – “The Crucible”

i. Theme of individual & society
ii. Character sketch of Proctor
iii. Character sketch of Abigale
iv. Puritanism in the play

2. Eugene O’Neil – “Mourning Becomes Electra”

i. O’Neil’s Tragic Vision
ii. Character sketch of Electra

C. Novel

1. Ernest Hemingway – “For Whom the Bell Tolls”

i. Robert Jordan as a Tragic Hero
ii. Is “For Whom the Bell Tolls” a political novel? (Answer: No)
iii. Hemingway as a novelist / Hemingway’s style
iv. Discuss Jordan - Maria Relationship
v. Concept of ritual & morality in the novel
vi. Motives behind Jordan’s Sacrifice

Questions for MA English (Part 2)

Paper 1 - Poetry

Section A

1. S.T. Coleridge

i. Coleridge as a poet of supernatural
ii. Coleridge as a romantic poet
iii. Moral of “The Ancient Mariner”
iv. Critical appreciation of three poems in the course
v. Coleridge as a poet of nature & beauty

2. John Keats

a. Questions on Keats’ Odes

i. Keats’ odes (A general question on odes, i.e., development of thought, unity in Keats’ odes)
ii. Critical appreciation of odes
iii. Keats as an escapist
iv. Keats as a Romantic Poet (poet of beauty, of nature)
v. Sensuousness in Keats’ poetry
vi. Keats’ negative capability
vii. Keats’ Hellenism
viii. Keats as pure poet

b. Questions on “Hyperion”

i. Autobiographical element in “Hyperion”
ii. Theme of evolution
iii. Symbolism in “Hyperion”
iv. “Hyperion” as an Epic poem

2. William Blake

i. Critical Appreciation of poems
ii. Blake as a romantic poet (Blake’s mysticism)
iii. Comparison & Contrast of the poems of “The Song of Innocence” & “The Song of Experience”

Section B

1. Philip Larkin

i. Important features of Larkin’s poetry
ii. Larkin as a movement poet
iii. Larkin as a poet of realism
iv. Larkin’s attitude towards moderns
v. Critical appreciation of poems
vi. Themes of Larkin’s poetry

2. Seamus Heaney

i. Critical appreciation of poems
ii. Themes
iii. Symbolism in Heaney’s poetry
iv. Heaney as a poet of exile

3. Ted Hughes

i. Animal imagery in his poems
ii. Themes
iii. Critical appreciation of poems

Paper 2 – Drama

1. Henrik Ibsen – “Hedda Gabler”

i. “Hedda Gabler” as a tragic play
ii. Psychological problems of Hedda Gabler / Character sketch of “Hedda Gabler”
iii. “Hedda Gabler” as a tragic play

2. Beckett – “Waiting for Godot”

i. “Waiting for Godot” a play about absurd
ii. Human relationships in the play
iii. “Waiting for Godot” as an existentialist play
iv. Different themes in the play
v. Use of Language / Role of Language
vi. “Waiting for Godot” as a tragi-comedy
vii. Who is Godot?
viii. Structure of the play

3. Anton Chekov – “The Cherry Orchard”

i. Symbolism in “The Cherry Orchard”
ii. Theme of change
iii. “The Cherry Orchard” a comedy or a tragedy?
iv. Compare characters of Lopakhin and Trophimov
v. “The Cherry Orchard” as a social or political play

4. Edward Bond – “The Sea”

i. Symbolism in “The Sea”
ii. Theme of individual and society
iii. Character sketches of main characters (Mrs. Rafi, Mr. Hatch)
iv. “The Sea” as a tragic-comedy

Paper 3 – Novel

1. Joseph Conrad – “Heart of Darkness”

i. Symbolism in “Heart of Darkness”
ii. Character sketch of Mr. Kurtz
iii. Character sketch of Marlow
iv. Marlow as detective of Human soul
v. Conrad’s treatment of women
vi. Conrad’s style and technique
vii. Themes (imperialism, evil)

2. Achebe – “Things Fall Apart”

i. Significance of the Title / Theme / Impact of British arrival on Igbo Culture
ii. Okonkwo as tragic hero
iii. “Things Fall Apart” as a tragedy
iv. Achebe’s style
v. Achebe’s treatment of women
vi. Comparison between “Heart of Darkness” and “Things Fall Apart”

3. Ahmad Ali – “Twilight in Delhi”

i. Significance of the title “Twilight in Delhi”
ii. Impact of British imperialism on Muslim Culture of Delhi
iii. Characterstudy of Mir Nehal, Asghar
iv. Plight of Women
v. Themes (marriage, imperialism etc.)
vi. Ahmad Ali as a novelist
vii. Symbolism in novel

4. James Joyce – “Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man”

i. James Joyce’s style & technique (stream of consciousness, myth, irony, pun, poetic diction etc.)
ii. Character sketch of Stephen Dedalus
iii. James Joyce’s aesthetic theory of art

5. Virginia Woolf – “To the Light House”

i. How has Virginia Woolf used stream of consciousness technique?
ii. Symbolism in “To the Light House”
iii. Compare & contrast the characters of Mr. & Mrs. Ramsay
iv. Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer
v. Character study of Lime Brisko & symbolic importance of her paintings
vi. Themes of “To the Light House”
Paper 4 – Literary Criticism

1. Aristotle – “Poetics”

i. Aristotle’s theory of imitation
ii. Catharsis
iii. Tragedy
iv. Plot-Character relationship
v. Difference between epic & tragedy
vi. Ideal Tragic hero
vii. The tragic Plot

2. Philip Sidney – “An Apology for Poetry”

i. Sidney’s arguments in favour of poetry
ii. Answers to the objections against poetry
iii. Sidney’s theory of poetry
iv. Contribution of Sidney as a critic
v. Sidney as a renaissance epitome

3. T.S. Eliot– “The Critic (Tradition & Individual Talent)”

i. Eliot’s concept of tradition
ii. Theory of impersonality in poetry
iii. T.S. Eliot as a critic

4. Raymond Williams – “Modern Tragedy”

i. Summaries of 3 essays:
a. Tradition & Tragedy
b. Tragedy & contemporary ideas
c. Rejection of tragedy

ii. Raymond William as a critic
iii. Raymond William’s concept of tragedy

By Lecturer Samia Umer
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Victor Hugo Quiz Questions with Answers

1) When was Victor Hugo born?
a) 26 February 1802

2) Who is hunchback in The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
c) Quasimodo

3) What is Quasimodo’s profession in The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
c) Bell ringer

4) Who is the girl who is kidnapped by gypsies and grows among them in The Hunchback of Notre Dame?
a) Esmeralda

5) Who is the main character in Les Miserables?
b) Jean Valjean

6) Jean Valjean in Les Miserables spends 19 years in prison, many of them additional years for trying to escape from prison. What was his original sentence?
c) Five years

7) When did Victor Hugo flee to Brussels?
d) 1851

8) Who put Les Miserables in the Index of Proscribed Books?
c) Pius IX

9) Where did Victor Hugo stay while he was in Guersney?
b) Hauteville House

10) When did Victor Hugo die?
c) 22 May 1885
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William Blake as a Visionary Poet Depicted in Some of His Poems

In his very childhood Blake had seen vision of angels and prophet. Once, when he was about seven years old, he told his parents that he had seen a tree full of angels. On another occasion he said that he had seen the prophet Izekiel under a tree in the fields. According to another story, he saw angelic figures walking in and out among the human haymakers in a hayfield. Once, he saw God “put His head to the window.” Much of the imagery of Blake’s poems grew out of his visions and dreams.

In the Songs of Experience, he deals with the ugliness of life. His mystical faculty henceforth found a more satisfying expression in decorative designs. He became actively concerned with the art of illustration, and he enriched a number of his works in this way including his own prophetic books. Blake also claimed that the spirit of his dead brother used to come to him in visions and prompted his writings as well as his illustrations. Of many of his poems he said that they were “dictated” to him by spirits. In this most literal sense he held that “inspiration” could come to the aid of a poet. When he was inspired he made use of his Imagination or Divine Vision. Blake had, indeed, a strong hold upon the spiritual world. He was a great believer in the imaginative faculty. He admired William Law (1686-1761: author of religious and mystical works) and Charles Wesley (1707-1788: author of a number of hymns) and was himself, as a young man, a follower of Swedenborg (1688-1772: Swedish philosopher, scientist, and mystic who claimed to have seen many visions). He said, for instance, “One power alone makes a poet: Imagination, the Divine Vision.” For Blake, God and the imagination are one; that is, God is the creative and spiritual power in man, and apart from man the idea of God has no meaning.

As a visionary poet, Blake left his mark on both painting and literature. He is ever looking behind the visible frame of things, for the glories and terrors of the world of spirit, with the eyes of one who cannot help dreaming dreams and seeing visions. The visionary in him sometimes overpowers the artist. A wild confusion of imagery then often blurs (haze) his works, whether as an engraver or poet. But if at times it obscures his clarity and simplicity, it gives a phantom touch of extraordinary subtlety, and too much of his work exquisite beauty.

Blake’s mysticism is deep-rooted in the practical side of his nature, and touches the problems of life. The Songs of Experience illustrates this quality of Blake’s mysticism more forcefully. Introduction to the Songs of Experience contains the prophetic Bard’s call to Earth to arise and embark upon a new era in her life but Earth’s Answer leaves no doubt in our minds regarding Blake’s pessimism as regards the present of mankind. Earth speaks of the cruelty of Jehovah or Urizen (“Starry Jealousy”) and her being in chains. She speaks especially of the restraints of the s*xual nature of human beings. In other words, this poem depicts the imprisoning, the hindering, and the restrictive influences in life. Both these poems, Introduction and Earth’s Answer, were written in the form of visions, and the first is more strikingly mystical because of its references to the “Holy Word” and “Christ” or “God” walking among the trees of Eden.

The Holy Word
That walk’d among the ancient trees.
(Introduction, lines 4-5)

The two poems show vividly that Blake’s mysticism is founded on a clear understanding of the actual facts of human life but at the same time the exact meaning of these poems baffles the reader.

The very imagery represented by Introduction is s*xual while in Earth’s Answer it confirms the s*xual implications. The last two stanzas of the Introduction are spoken in the manner of a lover: “Arise from out the dewy grass” and “Turn away no more”, says the Bard to Earth who is treated as a woman. Yet, the Earth does not respond in the role that the Bard has hoped for: as a fulfilled and joyous woman, risen refreshed and vigorous, but as an old, worn, and disillusioned wife might do from a s*xual in*******se with a husband to whom she is bound in a servile (like a slave) and joyless union. Earth wants the chain that binds free love to be shattered. It was selfishness and jealousy on the part of Jehovah to have imposed restraint on free love. Earth wonders why human beings should make love furtively (secretly) or stealthily.

Does spring hide its joy
When buds and blossoms grow?
(Earth’s Answer, lines 16-17)

It is clear that Blake looks upon the liberation of the senses and s*x as a prerequisite to the regeneration or rejuvenation of mankind.

The Tiger is a marvel of poetry. It combines a vivid realism with a strong visionary quality.

Tiger! Tiger! burning bright
In the forest of the night,
(The Tiger, lines 1-2)

The two lines quoted above are true literally and metaphorically. Literally, they refer to the fiery quality of the tiger’s eyes and the tiger’s glittering skin in the dark forest. Metaphorically, they refer to the violent, terrifying, and destructive nature of the tiger. These ideas are developed in the course of the poem, and the process, which describes the construction or the creation of the tiger has about it a visionary or mystical quality, which finds its climax in the fifth stanza of the poem, lines 17-18 in which the exact meaning of the two lines is again a riddle.

When the stars threw down their spears,
And water’d heaven with their tears,

According to Blake art was not a side-issue. It was not a vehicle of formal instruction. It was something that should ‘move’ man in the fullest sense of the term. It was a vision of fundamental living realities, as perceived not by the reason but by the eyes of the mind. He denied the validity of ideas imposed by custom. He declared that his vision was a vision of truth.

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🦋1. The space between your eyebrows is called a glabella.

❣2. The way it smells after the rain is called petrichor.

🦋3. The plastic or metallic coating at the end of your shoelaces is called an aglet.

❣4. The rumbling of stomach is actually called a wamble.

🦋5. The cry of a new born baby is called a vagitus.

❣6. The prongs on a fork are called tines.

🦋7. The sheen or light that you see when you close your eyes and press your hands on them is called phosphenes.

❣8. The tiny plastic table placed in the middle of a pizza box is called a box tent.

🦋9. The day after tomorrow is called
overmorrow.

❣10. Your tiny toe or finger is called minimus.

🦋11. The wired cage that holds the cork in a bottle of champagne is called an agraffe.

❣12. The 'na na na' and 'la la la', which don't really have any meaning in the lyrics of any song, are called vocables.

🦋13. When you combine an exclamation mark with a question mark (like this ?!), it is referred to as an interrobang.

❣14. The space between your nostrils is called columella nasi.

🦋15. The armhole in clothes, where the sleeves are sewn, is called armscye.

❣16. The condition of finding it difficult to get out of the bed in the morning is called dysania.

🦋17. Illegible hand-writing is called griffonage.

❣18. The dot over an “i” or a “j” is called tittle.

🦋19. That utterly sick feeling you get after eating or drinking too much is called crapulence.

❣20. The metallic device used to measure your feet at the shoe store is called Bannock device.

♥️

⏩Melodrama:-A highly sensational drama with happy ending. Example ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ –Kyd.

⏩Metaphysical Poetry:-Meta means beyond and physical is related to body .

⏩Mock-epic:-It is a long satirical poem dealing with a trivial theme. Example: “The r**e of the lock”-Alexander Pope.

⏩Metaphor:-A metaphor is an implicit comparison between two different things.

⏩Metre:-The recurrence of similar stress pattern in some lines of a poem.

⏩Novel:-is a long prose narrative fiction with plot characters etc.

⏩Novelette:-is longer than a short story and shorter than a novel.

⏩Ode:-is a long narrative poem of varying, line length dealing with serious subject matter.

⏩Objectivity:-We have objectivity in a literary piece when the author focuses on an object from broadened point of view.

⏩Octave:-is the firs part of Italian sonnet.

⏩Oxymoron:-is apparently a physical contrast which oddly makes sense on a deeper level.

⏩Prologue:-is the beginning part of a novel or a play or a novel.

⏩Prose:-Any material that is not written in a regular meter like a poetry.

⏩Prosody:-Prosody is the mechanics or grammar of verse.

⏩Protagonist:-Protagonist is the main character in a literary work

⏩Plot:-The arrangement of incidents is called plot.

⏩Pun:-A pun is playing with words.

⏩Periods of English literature:-The Anglo-Saxon, Middle English Renaissance, Restoration, Neoclassical Romantic, Victorian, Modern, Post-Modern.

⏩Romanticism:-was a literary movement. It stands Opposite to reason and focuses on emotion.

⏩Rhetoric:-Rhetoric is the art of persuasive argument through writing.

⏩Symbol:-A symbol is anything that stands for something else.

⏩Sonnet:-is a lyric poem consisting of fourteen rhymed lines dealing with a lofty theme.

⏩Satire:-is ridiculing the vices and follies of an individual or a society with a corrective design. E.g. “The r**e of the lock”---Pope.

⏩Short-story:-A short story is a prose narrative considerable length. It is shorter than a novel.

⏩Stanza:-is a group of verses having a rhyme scheme pattern.

⏩Subjectivity:-We find subjectivity in a literary work in which the writer’s personal intrusion takes place.

⏩Soliloquy:-It means speaking alone when in a play a character is found speaking alone on the stage it is called soliloquy.

⏩Ballad= a kind of short narrative poem.

⏩Blank verse= Having no rhyming end.

⏩Blue print= final documents having received finished touches.

⏩Canto= A subdivision of an epic or narrative poem.

⏩Elegy= Song of lamentation.

⏩Epic= A long poem

⏩Epilogue= A poem or speech at the end of play.

⏩Epitaph= words that are said about dead person.

⏩Eulogy= Speech or writing i praise of a person.

⏩Fairy talk= folk literature.

⏩Fantasy = an imaginary story.

⏩Hymn=song praise of god.

⏩Jargon= A mixture of two or more language .

⏩Lyric= A poem that could be sung.

⏩Opera= A musical drama.

⏩Parody= Imitation of a poem or writings.

⏩Sonnet= A poem of fourteen lines.

Difference b/w Must and Most

Must is to show importance or obligation ; Example - I must pass this project before the deadline.

Most is to show the quantity or percentage and the like
Example- Most of the students didn't pass the project,only you and I .

Notes-making is an important activity in the journey of CSS and other competitive examinations. And, extracting of data from news paper helps consolidation of your material of almost all subjects in general and compulsory in particular. But this scheme needs few guidelines to be followed.
The strategy of notes-making from newspapers comprises the following steps.

1. Purchase a register of at least 300 pages before you start your preparation and reading newspaper.
2. Spare your first page to outline topics for notes-making.

3. Topic should include International and Domestic issues.

4. A picture has been uploaded at the end of this page as an example.

5. At least keep 10-15 blank pages for each topic.

?

1. while reading the newspaper, always read your outline that you have created on your first page.

2. Only write down the CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, REMEDIES, AND FACTS AND FIGURES related to your topics enlisted.

3. Keep Writing data related to your topics till the end of October.

4.At the end of Oct, it becomes a catalogue of your CA, PA and Essay.

5. Read it for an hour everyday to update yourself regarding the issues.

6. And make outlines from that notebook and incorporate these ideas under the relevant topics wherever it coincides.

P.S stay tuned to my page to get reviews of different books and their application in CSS journey.

Best of Luck 👍