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Precis writing for CSS and PMS 🌹
Title: "The Genesis Of Unemployment"

"The four leading causes of unemployment are disorganization of industry by war, fall in the quantity of raw materials, invention of labour-saving machinery and dislocation due to industrial disputes."

Rule And Regulations of Precis writing:

1. Precis writing is different from summary writing(You have to find out main idea or central theme).
2. A strong, direct and visual relation between title and precis.
3. Don't reproduce adjectives, examples, illustration, metaphor and similes in precis writing.
4. Never write a precis in direct narration.
5. Ignore the quotation( Don't waste your time on quotation, because there is no Central theme in it,{mostly})
6. Never add an idea and never analyze the passage in Precis writing.
7. Always write a precis in a single paragraph.

https://www.dawn.com/news/1808146/how-the-next-govt-can-cope-with-changing-world-order

How the next govt can cope with changing world order Incoming administration’s foreign policy challenges will be underscored by need for economic stabilisation.

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Pakistan: Between Geoeconomic or Geopolitics?

Pakistan’s tensions with India, Afghanistan, and now Iran show that we will continue to be a geopolitical player rather than a geo-economic actor in global and regional politics, contrary to what was envisaged in the much-hyped NSP 2022-2026.

Why do I believe so? Geo-economics has some geographic confinements – shared regional economic vision, regional connectivity, infrastructural integrational, and production base. Most importantly, a realization of co-existence well beyond self-serving ultra-nationalistic self-interests that prioritizes a citizen-specific approach to growth over state-centric security. This eventuality necessitates a regional consensus spanning over a generation or a tragedy can do the job, the way WWII did in the case of the EU.

Since there is no regional consensus at the moment and does not seem to appear soon, industrialization takes years and its dividends take even more time to reach the populace, and Pakistan’s imploding crises cannot wait that long. The pursuit of geoeconomic vision becomes even more difficult to achieve when a tempting Cold War is on in the system and regional countries find their interests diverged and aligned with different great powers (look at Iran, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Saudia Arabia, Russia, China, and the USA).

In geopolitics, one uses geographic credentials and aligns them with great powers’ ambitions to stay relevant in the system and receive benefits from the great power competition. Conclusively, I think, conditions are ripe for geopolitics than geoeconomics. For the latter, we do not have the requisites conditions and consensus at hand; but for the former, existing systemic pressures and our experience make a perfect mix.
Caution: this time we have to bargain better so it does not go as a ‘geostrategic curse’ like in the past. And we can pursue the geoeconomics dream in the future.

*Artificial intelligence ( The Economist)*

How AI can revolutionise science?

*The technology is being applied in many fields—and could lead to a surge in scientific progress.*

Debate about artificial intelligence (ai) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic bias and discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. As some observers fret about these dystopian scenarios, however, others are focusing on the potential rewards. ai could, they claim, help humanity solve some of its biggest and thorniest problems. And, they say, ai will do this in a very specific way: by radically accelerating the pace of scientific discovery, especially in areas such as medicine, climate science and green technology. Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that ai can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery. Could they be right?

Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears abo

# **Detailed SUMMARY of the "Nothing to celebrate," Editorial, January 19th, 2024**:

The editorial critically assesses recent economic indicators in Pakistan, highlighting a temporary current account surplus of $397m for the second consecutive month, contributing to a six-month deficit reduction to $831m. While FDI inflows increased by 35%, reaching $863m, these improvements are viewed as short-term measures, primarily driven by emergency actions to restrict imports. The editorial questions the sustainability of these changes in addressing long-term economic challenges, emphasizing the economy's underlying issues. It points out the contraction in the previous fiscal year, stagnant exports due to low productivity, overreliance on textiles, diminishing foreign investor confidence, and increasing poverty and food insecurity. The piece expresses concern about the country's economic state, cautioning against viewing recent positive indicators as a resolution to deeper economic problems.

# **Easy/Short SUMMARY**:

The editorial scrutinizes recent positive economic indicators in Pakistan, such as a current account surplus and increased FDI. However, it questions the sustainability of these improvements, attributing them to short-term measures and emphasizing persistent economic challenges, including low productivity, stagnant exports, and poverty.

# **SOLUTIONS of The Problem**:
# # *Diversify Export Portfolio*
Encourage a shift from overreliance on textile exports by diversifying into other sectors, promoting a more robust and resilient export portfolio.

# # *Enhance Productivity*
Implement measures to boost productivity across industries, fostering economic growth and attracting foreign investors through improved efficiency.

# # *Attract Long-Term Foreign Investment*
Develop policies to attract long-term foreign investment, providing stability and instilling confidence in the business environment.

# # *Invest in Education and Skills*
Allocate resources to education and skills development, ensuring a qualified and skilled workforce that can contribute to economic growth.

# # *Promote Sustainable Agriculture*
Implement sustainable agricultural practices to address food insecurity, ensuring long-term food production and resilience against external shocks.

# # *Address Corruption and Rent-Seeking*
Take stringent measures to tackle corruption and reduce rent-seeking behaviors, fostering an environment conducive to economic growth and investor confidence.

# # *Encourage Local Investment*
Provide incentives for local investors, promoting investment in ventures that contribute to economic development and job creation.

# # *Social Welfare Programs*
Introduce targeted social welfare programs to alleviate poverty, addressing the immediate needs of the vulnerable population.

# # *Population Control Measures*
Implement policies to control population growth, ensuring that resources are effectively distributed to support education, healthcare, and public services.

# # *Global Collaboration*
Engage in international collaborations and showcase commitment to economic reforms, seeking support and partnership for sustainable development.

# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article**:

- Pakistan achieved a current account surplus of $397m for the second consecutive month.
- The six-month deficit reduced to $831m, compared to $3.6bn in the same period the previous fiscal year.
- FDI inflows increased by 35% to $863m from $640m in the corresponding period.
- The economy contracted in the last fiscal year, and growth projections for the ongoing one are uninspiring.
- Exports are stagnating due to low productivity and reliance on textiles.
- Foreign investors in Pakistan seem to be losing confidence and departing.
- Poverty and food insecurity are on the rise, with the population growing rapidly.

# **MCQs from the Article**:
# # # 1. **What is the main concern raised in the editorial about recent economic indicators in Pakistan?**
A. Excessive government spending
**B. Sustainability of improvements**
C. Lack of foreign aid
D. Overreliance on textiles

# # # 2. **What contributed to the reduction in the six-month deficit according to the article?**
A. Increased government subsidies
**B. Current account surplus**
C. Reduced population growth
D. Boost in agricultural exports

# # # 3. **What is mentioned as a key factor in the contraction of the economy in the last fiscal year?**
A. Increased foreign investment
**B. Stagnant exports**
C. Government austerity measures
D. Successful poverty reduction programs

# # # 4. **Why does the article express concern about the recent improvements in economic indicators?**
A. Lack of government initiatives
B. Global economic downturn
**C. Viewed as short-term measures**
D. Insufficient foreign aid

# # # 5. **What is highlighted as a significant challenge to the economy in the article?**
A. Stable population growth
**B. Diminishing foreign investor confidence**
C. Diversified export portfolio
D. Increased FDI inflows

# **VOCABULARY**:
1. **Mercies** (noun) (رحمتیں): Acts of kindness, compassion, or forgiveness shown towards others.
2. **Sovereign Default** (noun) (سلطان معافی): Failure to meet debt obligations by a government.
3. **Doldrums** (noun) (کاہلی): A state or period of stagnation or depression in an activity or process.
4. **Austerity** (noun) (خصوصی اقدامات): Conditions characterized by restricted government spending and increased efficiency in resource use.
5. **Rent-Seeking** (noun) (کرایہ تلاشی): The use of resources to obtain economic gain without reciprocating benefits through wealth creation.
6. **Alleviate** (verb) (کم کرنا): Make (suffering, deficiency, or a problem) less severe.
7. **Conducive** (adjective) (مددگار): Making a certain situation or outcome likely or possible.
8. **Influx** (noun) (آمد): An arrival or entry of a large number of people or things.
9. **Apathy** (noun) (بے حسی): Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.
10. **Robust** (adjective) (مضبوط): Strong and healthy; vigorous.

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www.dawn.com
Nothing to celebrate
Editorial
3 minutes
Listen to article

THE current account deficit is ‘shrinking’ and FDI inflows are ‘increasing’. New economic data for the first half of FY24, published by the State Bank, shows that Pakistan posted a current account surplus of $397m last month, for the second consecutive month, which has helped it contain the six-month deficit to $831m, down from $3.6bn during the same period in the last fiscal. Likewise, FDI inflows are reported to have jumped by 35pc to $863m from $640m in the same period. Indeed, these are welcome developments in these times of economic crises and pain. But how sustainable are these small mercies? Will they help the economy grow and create jobs, and end our balance-of-payments troubles? The improvement in the current account is primarily the outcome of the temporary ‘emergency’ measures being implemented by the government to restrict imports. The hike in export revenues and an upswing in home remittances and FDI in December helped the country pull off the surplus. Yet the upturn in these areas, though welcome, is negligible, and does not represent a steady trend.

The truth is that the economy is in the doldrums. The recent improvement, if we indeed see it as one, is an artificially constructed deviation from the normal, as our balance-of-payments woes are hardly far away from morphing into sovereign default. The economy contracted in the last fiscal year and growth projections for the ongoing one do not inspire much hope for the future. Exports are stagnating because of low productivity and reliance on one commodity, ie, textiles. Foreign investors here appear to have lost whatever little confidence they had and are departing. Local investors are not ready to invest either, at least not unless their ventures are subsidised. Remittances remain subdued. Poverty continues to rise, as does food insecurity. The population is growing rapidly, and the government has no money to provide education, clean drinking water, health facilities, or other public services. The world in general is done with our unwillingness to clean up our own house. It is frustrating to see the economic fortunes of a large country swing with the influx and exit of a couple of billion dollars from its economy. We have reached this point for a reason. We are here because our rent-seeking ruling elites are not invested in Pakistan’s future.

Published in Dawn, January 19th, 2024

Dawn Editorials/Articles Summary For Students PDF Download Archives – CSS MCQs Dawn News Articles Summaries for CSS Exam Preparation Get concise Dawn editorial summaries, solutions, and vocabulary meanings prepared by the Expert Team at CSSMCQs.com for your CSS exam preparation in PDF Download. Dawn News Articles Summaries | PDF Download Looking for a hassle-free way to stay i...

# **Detailed SUMMARY of "AI in education," Faisal Bari, January 19th, 2024**:

The article explores the significant investments in artificial intelligence (AI) and its potential impact on the education sector. With over $94 billion invested in AI in 2021, there is an expectation that AI will revolutionize education, with the market predicted to be worth over $20 billion in less than five years. While AI can enhance personalized and lifelong learning, there are concerns about job automation, including the fear of teachers being replaced by AI systems. Currently, Pakistan primarily uses AI in education for tasks like assignments and assessments, raising issues of cheating. The article discusses intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) as a promising application, offering personalized feedback and progress monitoring. However, the implementation of ITS in Pakistan faces challenges such as internet connectivity, tech-savvy teachers, and the need for improved ITS capabilities. The article acknowledges AI's potential but emphasizes the uncertainty of its promises, urging a curious approach rather than fear.

# **Easy/Short SUMMARY**:

The article discusses the significant impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the education sector, with substantial investments and expectations. While AI has potential benefits, such as personalized learning, there are concerns about job automation, especially regarding teachers being replaced by AI systems. In Pakistan, AI is currently used for assignments, leading to cheating concerns. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) hold promise but face challenges like internet connectivity and the need for advanced capabilities. The article encourages a curious rather than fearful attitude toward AI, emphasizing the uncertainties of its promises.

# **SOLUTIONS of The Problem**:
# # *Enhance Internet Connectivity*
Invest in improving internet infrastructure to ensure widespread access, a prerequisite for implementing intelligent tutoring systems (ITS).

# # *Provide Computers and Tablets for Students*
Initiate programs to provide students with necessary devices, promoting a tech-friendly learning environment.

# # *Train Teachers in Technology*
Offer training programs to teachers, enhancing their tech-savviness and preparing them for AI-based educational tools.

# # *Advance Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS)*
Allocate resources for research and development to enhance the capabilities of ITS, making them more effective for personalized learning.

# # *Address Cheating Issues*
Implement robust plagiarism detection tools to address cheating concerns and maintain the integrity of the learning process.

# **IMPORTANT Facts and Figures Given in the article**:
- Over $94 billion invested in artificial intelligence in 2021.
- Predictions of the AI in education market being worth over $20 billion in less than five years.
- Current use of AI in Pakistan's education system primarily involves students using GPT-3 for assignments.
- Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) have potential but face challenges in Pakistan, including internet connectivity and teacher readiness.
- Concerns about job automation in the education sector, with fears of teachers being replaced by AI systems.

# **MCQs from the Article**:
# # # 1. **What is the predicted worth of the AI in education market in less than five years?**
A. $50 billion
**B. Over $20 billion**
C. $10 billion
D. $5 billion

# # # 2. **What is the primary current use of AI in Pakistan's education system, according to the article?**
A. Grading examinations
B. Student counseling
**C. Using GPT-3 for assignments**
D. Teacher training programs

# # # 3. **What challenges do Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) face in Pakistan?**
A. Lack of student interest
**B. Internet connectivity and teacher readiness**
C. Overreliance on AI
D. Excessive costs

# # # 4. **What is one suggested solution to address cheating concerns in AI-based education?**
A. Increase investments in AI infrastructure
B. Replace teachers with AI systems
**C. Implement robust plagiarism detection tools**
D. Introduce stricter academic regulations

# # # 5. **What attitude does the article recommend toward AI in education?**
A. Fearful
B. Resistant
**C. Curious**
D. Skeptical

# **VOCABULARY**:
1. **Rhetoric** (noun) (تقریر): The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing.
2. **Apprehensions** (noun) (پکڑ): Anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen.
3. **Premature** (adjective) (پہلے سے): Occurring or done before the usual or proper time.
4. **Convince** (verb) (راضی کرنا): Persuade someone to do something through reasoning or argument.
5. **Detected** (verb) (پتہ چل گیا): Discover or identify the presence or existence of.
6. **Curiosity** (noun) (جوڑوں): A strong desire to know or learn something.
7. **Surveillance** (noun) (نگرانی): Close observation, especially of a suspected spy or criminal.
8. **Viability** (noun) (جوہر): The ability to work successfully.
9. **Efficacy** (noun) (قوت): The ability to produce a desired or intended result.
10. **Infrastructure** (noun) (بنیادی چیزیں): The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society.

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www.dawn.com
AI in education
Faisal Bari
6 - 8 minutes

INVESTMENTS in artificial intelligence are massive ($94 billion in 2021 alone). They will continue as people see profit-making potential in them. We have all heard the rhetoric that AI is going to revolutionise many areas and have a major impact on jobs in several sectors. Where it might increase marginal productivity (output per worker), it will automate jobs and thus replace workers. This is already happening in some spaces.

AI is expected to have a large impact on education too. There were already over 30 multimillion-dollar-funded AI-in-education corporations in 2022; some analysts expect AI in the education market to be worth more than $20bn in less than five years. But the same apprehensions surface in this sector too. Where AI can help create more pathways for personalised and lifelong learning, it will also automate a lot of processes. Teachers fear they might be ‘replaced’ by AI systems eventually.

These apprehensions are a bit premature. AI is still developing and it is hard to predict all that it will be able to eventually accomplish. Although there are early indications that some teacher tasks can be automated, there is also a perception that certain functions that teachers perform, and that are relevant to socialisation and the development of deeper, more contextualised learning, won’t be easy to automate. The future being unknown, let us see how technology develops and is deployed.

Pakistan is not at the frontier of AI use in education. For now, its most common application is seen in students using GPT-3 to do their assignments or assessments and for writing essays. Professors are using AI-based systems to detect AI-generated assignments/ assessments. The main concern so far is the increase in the incidence of cheating.

If artificial intelligence delivers on its promise, it will change the education sector significantly.

Submitting someone else’s work as one’s own is cheating and hurts the learning process. Students, instead of trying to understand a topic, submit something they might not even understand. The struggle is not to stop students from using AI, but to convince them to use it for understanding concepts and deepening their learning instead of cheating. This is not a major issue. There are programmes that detect cheating and many professors use these. The cat-and-mouse game between programmes that allow students to produce work without detection and programmes that allow professors to detect cheating will continue. Even before GPT, we had issues of plagiarism.

What are more interesting, but have not come to Pakistan in any significant manner yet, are intelligent tutoring systems. ITS allow a person-based introduction of information and then personalised feedback to students and the monitoring of progress by students as well as teachers (dashboards). They open up doors for increasing outreach, reducing the cost per student and allowing more student-specific learning opportunities.

Pakistan, with some 23 million out-of-school children, faces significant issues regarding the quality of school education, and limited and low enrolments at undergraduate levels. It could really benefit from ITS but it is a distant prospect. We need good internet connectivity for this: we need students to have computers and tablets at home; we need teachers who are tech-savvy and are not afraid of what ITS could do. We need ITS that are much better than where they are right now. They still have a long way to go before they start delivering well on the promise of personalisation and customisation at low prices.

Existing ITS are better able to work in mathematics and physics, are more geared towards specific task or skill learning, and more suited to preparation for specific examinations. A lot of development still needs to take place before it is possible to see them being used for educating out-of-school children or ensuring improved learning for millions of children.

There are also AI-assisted applications that allow language translation and/ or mathematics learning. However, it is not clear if they assist student learning or undermine it by taking away the need for learning concepts and other things, very much like calculators did with simple multiplication and division tasks.

Other AI-based educational programmes are being developed in areas like formative assessments, dialogue-based tutoring systems, chatbots, learning network orchestrators, AI-assisted virtual reality or games, and so on. But in most of these areas, we do not have commercial applications yet. We will only be able to assess viability and efficacy once commercial applications are available and ‘cheap’ enough to be deployed in Pakistan’s education market. And we will only be able to talk of what teacher-displacing impact they are going to lead to when we are closer to that point. For the moment, most of these are interesting and promising possibilities from the point of view of opportunities to enhance student learning. But their future impact is as yet unclear.

At the same time, there are many legitimate concerns about AI in education. Apart from its impact on teaching jobs, increased student surveillance, data collection, usage and sharing raise legitimate ethical and legal concerns about confidentiality and safety. As more commercial applications become available, these concerns will need to be addressed as well.

AI has a lot of potential in education. It can, in principle, allow us to reach more children, ensure quality and do it at a much lower cost than the current schooling model. If it delivers on its promise, it will change the education sector significantly and many teacher-related tasks will become automated. But we are far from there right now. It is not even clear if it can deliver on all these promises. We have only seen GPT-3 so far, and that is not a major game-changer. Given the potential and promise, for the moment, it seems that an attitude of curiosity, rather than fear, makes more sense.

The writer is a senior research fellow at the Institute of Development and Economic Alternatives, and an associate professor of economics at Lums.

Published in Dawn, January 19th, 2024

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