The Cadet School Karak

Terms of circle 🔴⭕

The illustration resembles Imam Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni (973–1048) — one of the greatest Muslim scientists of the Golden Age.
Here are his major scientific contributions, explained clearly:

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🌟 Major Contributions of Al-Biruni

1. Astronomy

Made extremely accurate measurements of the Earth’s radius (error less than 1%).

Explained the rotation of the Earth long before Europeans.

Wrote al-Qanun al-Masudi, an encyclopaedia of astronomy and mathematics.

Created detailed star charts and planetary models.

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2. Mathematics

Developed new methods in trigonometry.

Introduced the concept of spherical trigonometry for solving astronomical problems.

Contributed to geodesy, measuring distances on Earth using mathematical principles.

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3. Physics

Studied gravity and stated that objects fall toward the center of the Earth.

Explained density and specific weight of 18 precious stones and metals.

Proposed early ideas related to light, heat, and motion.

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4. Geography & Earth Sciences

Measured the Earth’s circumference with high accuracy.

Explained the formation of mountains, minerals, and rivers.

Suggested that the Indian subcontinent was once covered by the sea.

Proposed a scientific explanation of fossil formation.

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5. Anthropology & Social Sciences

Wrote Kitab al-Hind (“Book of India”), a detailed study of:

Indian religions

Culture

Geography

Languages

Science

Followed a scientific and neutral approach, rare for that period.

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6. Medicine & Pharmacology

Compiled lists of simple and compound medicines.

Studied the effects of various minerals and herbs.

Contributed to medical knowledge alongside Ibn Sina.

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7. History & Chronology

Created a unified system of calendars.

Studied various cultures and timelines, comparing Greek, Persian, and Indian dating systems.

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8. Inventions & Instruments

Improved the astrolabe.

Designed tools for:

Measuring Earth’s radius

Telling time

Determining latitude

Enhanced accuracy and usability of scientific instruments.

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🌍 Legacy

Al-Biruni is remembered as:

The father of geodesy

One of the greatest interdisciplinary scholars in history

A scientist who combined mathematics, observation, and experimentation