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Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #13 | Advertising & salesmanship | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q1: Differentiate between Advertising and Publicity

"Advertising"

1. Paid Activity:
The business pays money to show its product to the public.

2. Full Control:
Company controls what message will be shown.

3. Positive Image:
Product is always shown in a good way to attract customers.

4. Sales Purpose:
Main aim is to increase sales.

"Publicity"

1. Not Paid:
Publicity happens without paying money.

2. No Control:
Company cannot control what people say.

3. Positive or Negative:
Publicity can be good or bad.

4. Information Purpose:
Aim is to give information to people, not to sell.
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Q2: Define Salesmanship. Write any four qualities of a good salesman.

SALESMANSHIP:
Salesmanship is the ability of a person to convince customers to buy a product.
A salesman helps customers by explaining features, benefits, and uses of the product.

Qualities of a Good Salesman:

1. Polite & Friendly:
He greets customers nicely, smiles, and behaves respectfully.

2. Good Communication:
He explains the product clearly so the customer easily understands everything.

3. Strong Product Knowledge:
He knows the price, quality, uses, warranty, and all important details of the product.

4. Honesty:
He gives true information and never misguides customers. This builds trust.

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Q3: List the kinds of advertising media. Explain any one.

Kinds of Advertising Media:

1. Newspaper: Daily printed ads.

2. Magazine: Colourful ads in weekly/monthly magazines.

3. Radio: Voice ads broadcast on radio.

4. Television: Video commercials with sound and picture.

5. Internet: Social media ads, websites, YouTube ads.

6. Outdoor Media: Billboards, banners, posters on roads.

7. Cinema: Ads shown before movies in cinemas.

Television Advertising:
Television advertising uses short videos to promote products.
These ads have moving pictures, sound, colour and music, which catch the viewer’s attention quickly.
TV reaches millions of people, so it helps companies spread their message widely and effectively.

Q4: State four kinds of media of advertisement.

kinds of advertisement media:

1. Newspaper
2. Television
3. Radio
4. Internet / Social Media

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #18 | Commerial Correspondence | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q:1 enlist any characteristics of a good letter.

Characteristics of a Good Letter:

1. Simple language:
The letter should be written in easy words so the reader can understand it.

2. Short and clear:
Only important points should be written. No extra or unnecessary details.

3. Polite tone:
The letter should be polite and respectful.

4. Proper format:
The letter must have the correct structure — date, address, greeting, body, and closing.

5. Correct spelling and grammar:
There should be no spelling or grammar mistakes.

6. Complete information:
All important details should be included.

7. Neat and clean writing:
The letter should look neat and easy to read.

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #12 | Retailing | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q1: State the services of retailer to customers.

Services of Retailer to Customers:

1. Provides goods in small quantity:
Customers can buy goods in small amounts according to their needs.

2. Provides variety of goods:
Retailers keep many brands and types of products in one shop.

3. Gives information about goods:
Retailer tells customers about price, quality, and features.

4. Sells fresh and latest goods:
Retailer provides new and up-to-date products.

5. Home delivery:
Many retailers deliver goods to the customer’s home.

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Q2: Enlist the kinds of retailing. Explain chain stores.

Kinds of Retailing (List):

1. Departmental Store
2. Multiple Shops / Chain Stores
3. Super Market
4. Mail Order Business
5. Hawkers & Peddlers
6. Convenience Stores
7. General Store
8. Second-Hand Goods Shop

Chain Stores :
Chain stores are a group of retail shops owned by one company.
All shops have same name, same layout, same prices, and same management.

Example: Outfitters, Khaadi, Ideas, etc.

Features:
1.Central buying and central control
2.Same quality and same price everywhere
3.Big company runs many small shops

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Q3: Define retailing and give its examples.

Definition:
Retailing means selling goods in small quantities to the final consumer for their personal use, not for resale.

Examples:

1.A shopkeeper selling shampoo, soap, rice, sugar to customers

2.A mobile shop selling phones to users

3.A bakery selling bread and cakes

4.A clothing shop selling shirts, trousers, or dresses

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #15 | insurance | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q1: Define Insurance and describe Various Kinds of insurance.

Insurance:

Insurance is a contract in which a person or business pays a small amount called premium to an insurance company in exchange for protection against financial loss caused by risks like fire, theft, accident, or damage.

Types of insurance:

There are several types of insurance:

1. Life Insurance:
Life insurance provides financial protection to the family of a person in case of his/her death. The insured pays a premium, and the company pays a sum of money to the family.
Example: A man buys life insurance to secure his family after his death.

2. Fire Insurance:
Fire insurance protects property like buildings, shops, or factories against loss or damage caused by fire.
Example: A shop owner insures his shop to recover losses if a fire occurs.

3. Marine Insurance:
Marine insurance covers goods and cargo during transportation by sea, air, or land against loss or damage.
Example: Goods shipped from Karachi to Dubai are insured against damage during transit.

4. Health Insurance:
Health insurance covers medical expenses due to illness, surgery, or hospitalization.
Example: A person pays a premium to cover hospital bills for accidents or serious illness.

5. Accident Insurance:
Accident insurance provides compensation if a person dies or is disabled due to an accident.
Example: A worker gets compensation if he is injured in a factory accident.

Q2: state Un insurable risks.

Uninsurable risks are those risks that cannot be insured because they are uncertain, illegal, or beyond the control of the insurance company. Some common uninsurable risks are:

1. War and Riots: Losses caused by war, civil disturbance, or riots cannot be insured.

2. Speculative Losses: Risks where profit or loss is expected, like gambling or stock speculation.

3. Personal Risk of a Criminal Act: Losses caused intentionally by illegal or criminal actions.

4. Natural Calamities in Some Cases: Some rare natural events like earthquakes in certain areas may not be insured.

5. Obsolete or Worn-out Goods: Losses due to normal wear and tear cannot be insured.

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #6 | Musharka and Mudarba | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q1: Define Mudaraba and Musharaka, and Describe the Parties of Mudaraba

1) Mudaraba

Mudaraba is a type of business in which one person provides capital and the other person manages the business. Profit is shared according to a pre-agreed ratio, but loss is borne only by the owner of the capital.

Example: A person gives Rs. 100,000 to a friend to open a shop. The friend runs the shop and both share the profit as agreed.

Parties of Mudaraba:

1. Rab-ul-Mal (Capital Provider): The person who provides the money for the business.

2. Mudarib (Manager): The person who manages and operates the business.

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2) Musharaka

Musharaka is a type of partnership in which all partners contribute capital and share profits and losses according to their capital share or agreement.

Example: Two friends invest Rs. 50,000 each to open a restaurant. They share profits and losses according to the agreed ratio.

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #2 | Sole proprietorship | Important short questions | ten year |

Q1: Write any five advantages of Sole Proprietorship Business

1. Easy to Start: It is simple and requires very little legal formalities to start.

2. Full Control: The owner has full authority to make decisions and manage the business.

3. All Profits to Owner: The owner receives all the profits earned by the business.

4. Privacy: Business affairs are private and not required to be shared with others.

5. Quick Decision Making: Decisions can be made quickly without consulting anyone else.


Q2: Define Sole Proprietorship

Sole Proprietorship is a type of business which is owned, managed, and controlled by a single person. The owner bears all the risks, receives all the profits, and makes all the decisions regarding the business.

Example: A small grocery shop or a local bakery run by one person.

Q3:Why Sole Proprietorship is Most Common in Pakistan

Sole proprietorship is common in Pakistan because it is easy to start, requires less capital, and has simple legal rules. One person can make decisions and keep all the profits.

Example: Small grocery shops and tailoring shops.

Principle of commerce | XI | chapter #1 | commerce theory | Important short questions | ten year |

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Q1:Define Business, Industry and Profession (with examples)

Business:
Business is an economic activity in which goods are produced or bought and sold to earn profit.
Example: A shopkeeper buys pens in bulk and sells them at a higher price to earn profit.

Industry:
Industry refers to all activities which convert raw materials into finished goods by using labour and machines.
Example: A textile mill converts cotton into cloth.

Profession:
Profession is an occupation that requires special education, training and a license to provide services.
Example: A doctor treats patients after receiving medical training.

Q2: List the five essential elements for establishing a new business. Describe any one.

Five Essential Elements for Establishing a New Business:

1. Capital

2. Location

3. Nature of Business

4. Market Demand

5. Legal Required

Capital:
Capital is the money required to start and run a business. It is used to buy machinery, raw materials, furniture, pay salaries and meet day-to-day expenses. Without sufficient capital, a business cannot operate smoothly or grow.

Q3:Describe any four qualities of good business man.

Qualities of a Good Businessman:

1) Honesty:

A good businessman must be honest in all his dealings and should provide correct information about goods. This helps in maintaining customer trust.
Example: Selling pure products without cheating.

2) Hardworking:

He should work with dedication and manage business activities regularly. Hard work helps in achieving business goals.
Example: Visiting the shop daily and supervising workers.

3) Good Decision-Maker:
A businessman should be able to make quick and correct decisions based on market conditions. Good decisions increase profit.
Example: Choosing a reliable supplier who offers lower prices.

4) Future Planning Ability:
He should plan for future expansion and improvement of the business. Proper planning reduces risks and increases success.
Example: Expanding the shop when sales increase.

Q4:Enlist the auxiliaries to trade. Describe any three of them.

Auxiliaries to Trade:

1. Transportation

2. Banking

3. Insurance

4. Warehousing

5. Advertising

6. Communication

7. Packaging

1) Transportation

Transportation moves goods from producers to consumers. It removes distance and helps goods reach markets on time.

2) Banking

Banking provides loans and helps in money transactions. It supports business by giving financial help when needed.

3) Insurance

Insurance protects businessmen from losses like fire, theft or accidents. The insurance company pays compensation for the loss.

Q5:Define trade and commerce.list the auxiliaries to trade.

Trade:

Trade means buying and selling of goods and services. It helps in transferring goods from producers to consumers.

Commerce:

Commerce includes all activities that help trade, such as transportation, banking, insurance, warehousing, and communication. Commerce makes trade easier and smoother.

List the Auxiliaries to Trade

1. Transportation

2. Banking

3. Insurance

4. Warehousing

5. Advertising

6. Communication

Q6: Define Commerce and State Its Scope

Commerce:

Commerce is the branch of business that includes trade and all activities which help in the smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers. It covers buying, selling, and all supporting activities such as transportation, banking, insurance, warehousing, advertising, and communication.

Scope of Commerce:

The scope of commerce includes the following activities:

1. Trade: Buying and selling of goods.
Example: A shopkeeper sells rice to customers.

2. Transportation: Moving goods from the place of production to the market.
Example: Trucks transporting fruits from farms to cities.

3. Warehousing: Storing goods safely until they are needed.
Example: Cold storage for vegetables.

4. Banking: Providing loans, accepting deposits, and facilitating payments.
Example: A business takes a bank loan to buy machinery.

5. Insurance: Protecting businesses against losses like fire, theft, or accidents.
Example: A shop owner insures his shop.

Q7: write the various kind of industries.

Kinds of Industries:

1. Primary Industry (Mining, Fishing)

2. Genetic Industry (Poultry Farm, Dairy Farm)

3. Manufacturing Industry (Textile Mill, Sugar Mill)

4. Construction Industry (Road, Bridge Construction)

5. Service Industry (Bank, Hospital, Hotel)

Q8: Explain the relationship between commerce and economics.

Relation between Commerce and Economics:

Economics is the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods. Commerce is a part of economics that deals with the distribution of goods from producers to consumers. Commerce helps goods reach the market through trade, transport, banking, insurance, and warehousing.

Example: Economics studies how sugar is made, while commerce shows how sugar reaches shops for sale.

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📢 ADMISSION ANNOUNCEMENT
Government of Sindh – College Education Department
Online Admissions in Government Colleges of Sindh for Class XI (Session 2025-26)

The College Education Department, Government of Sindh, is pleased to announce that online admissions for Class XI (First Year) in all Government Colleges across Sindh for the academic session 2025–2026 will commence from:

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📅 Last Date to Apply: 15th July 2025

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Humanities / Arts
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