10/12/2024
📚 Professional Education Notes
1. Law of Readiness - preparedness
2. Law of Exercise - practice makes perfect
3. Law of effect - satisfaction
4. Law of primacy - learn first / first impression
5. Law of Recency - now/most recent are best
remembered
6. Law of intensity - impact/ exciting
Ex. Role playing
7. Law of Freedom - right to freedom
8. Law of importance - essentials
📌Cognitive:
mental skills(knowledge)
📌Affective:
growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)
📌Psychomotor:
manual or physical skills (skills)
📌Principles of TEACHING
A. create an active learning
B. Focus Attention
C. Connect Knowledge
D. Help students organize their knowledge
E. Provide timely feedback
F. Demand quality
G. Balance high expectations with student support
H. Enhance motivation to learn
I. Communicate your message in variety of ways.
J. Help students to productively manage their time
📌stages of Learning
1. Acquisition - learning new skill
2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill
3. Generalization - across time & situation / variety
of setting
4. Adaptation -. Use for problem solving
5. Maintenance - performance over time
📌Bloom's Cognitive Domain
Blooms Taxonomy
Remember - recall facts & basic concepts
define, duplicate, list, memorize,state
Understand - Explain ideas or concepts
Classify, describe, discuss, explain,
locate, recognize
Apply -. Use of information in new situation
execute, implement, solve, use,
demonstrate, interpret, operate
Analyze -. Draw connection among ideas
differentiate, organize, relate, compare,
contrast, distinguish, examine,
expirement, question, test
Evaluate -. Justify a stand or decision
appraise, argue, defend, judge, select,
support, value, critique, weigh
Create -. Produce new or original work
Design, assemble, construct,
conjecture, develop, formulate, author,
investigate
📌Anderson Taxonomy
Remembering - recalling
Understanding - making sense of the material you
have learned
Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee ways
Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts
Evaluating -. Making judgement
Creating -. Putting iNformation together in an
innovative way.
📌Affective Domain:
Receiving -
is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being willing to tolerate them.
Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.
Responding -
os committed in some small measure to the ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by actively responding to them.
Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.
Valuing -
is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include: to increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.
Organization -
is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.
Characterization-
by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized. Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.
📌Psychomotor Domain:
Perception -
Sensory cues to guide motor.
Set -
mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a situation.
Guided response -
first attempts at a physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to better performance.
Mechanism -
responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency.
Complex Overt Response -
complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of assurance they will be successful.
Adaptation -
Movements can modified for special situations.
Origination -
New movements can be created for special situations.
📌Learning theories
A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism , Social Learning and purposive)
PCSO
Pavlov - Classical
Skinner - Operant
🍏BEHAVIOURISM
📌A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one Natural Response.
Adhesive Principle
- response attached to stimulus to evoke new response.
Experimentation: 🐕
(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)
Ringing of bell- stimuli
Response - Naglalaway ang a*o
Unconditioned Stimulus:
- automatically produces an emotional or psychological response.
Unconditioned Response:
- Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.
Neutral Stimulus:
- a stimulus that does not elicit a response.
Conditioned Stimulus:
- evokes an emotional or Physiological response.
📌B. Operant Conditioning (Bf Skinner)
Experimentation: 🐀
skinner Box (rat)
🥰Reinforcement - increase behaviour
😳Punishment - decrease behaviour
😆Positive Reinforcement -
may binigay na gusto ng bata.
🥹Negative reinforcement -
taking something away for the good of students.
😌Positive Punishment -
may binigay na ayaw mo / something unpleasant.
🥲Negative punishment -
tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.
📌C. Connectionism theory/S-R (Edward Thorndike)
- specific stimulus has specific response
Law of Readiness- hinahanda mo sila
Law of Exercise- nagpapadrills
Law of Effect - satisfying effect
Secondary Laws of Learning
RIP
Law of primacy - dapat tama ang tinuro sa una.
Law of intensity - dapat fun ang learning
Law of Recency - mas natatandaan ang previous.
Other law:
Law of association By Aristotle
Law of similarity - recall similar object
Law of contrast - recall of opposite object
Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.
📌D. Social Learning Theory
By Badura
Experimentation: Bobo dull
- may pinaggagayahan
- focus on observation learning
Social learning theory
4 steps;
1. Attention - focus
2. Retention - store information
3. Reproduction - to perform the observed
behaviour
4. Motivation - be motivated
📌E. Purposive Behaviorism/ sign Learning theory
By (tolman)
Expirement: Rats🐀
- reinforcement is not essential to learning
- bridge between behaviorism and cognitive theilory
- Learning is acquired through meaningful behavior.
According to Tolman, in all learning some intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who actively participates on the act of getting new experience. He organises his perceptions and observations and gives meaning to them. He explains the theory of rats in teaching the goal through many trials as a result of insight or making cognitive map of the maze.
🍏COGNITIVIST
📌A. Meaningful Learning Theory
By (David Ausubel)
"Reception not discovery"
- advance organizer
- use of graphic organizer
📌B. Cognitive Development (piaget)
📌a). Sensory - 0 to 2 years old - permanent object
📌b). Pre-operational - 3 to 7 years old - egocentric
Symbolic function
- Centration -
refers to the tendency of the chikd to only focus on one aspects of a thing or event and exclude other aspects EXAMPLE:
when a child presented with two identical glasses with the same amount of water, the chikd will say they have the same amount of water. however, once water from one of the glasses is transferred to an obviously taller but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that there is more water in the taller glass.
"The Child only Focus (centered)".
Irreversibly-
Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand that 2+3 is 5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.
Animism -
This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate objects.
When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep."
Transductive rea*oning -
This refers to the pre-operational child's type of rea*oning that is neither inductive nor deductive.
Example: since her mommy comes home everyday around six o'clock in the evening, when asked why it is already night, the child will say, "because my mom is home".
📌c). Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years old - begin learning logical rea*oning.
Decentering -
This refers to the ability of the child to perceive the different features of objects and situations.
This allows child to be more logical when dealing with concrete objects and situations.
Reversibility -
The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can already comprehend the cummutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition.
Conversation-
This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area do not change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of the child's ability of decentering and also reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as when the water was shorter but wider glass.
Seriation -
This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as weight, volume or size.
📌d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards years old -
Thinking becomes more logical.can solve abstract problems and can hypothesis.
Hypothetical rea*oning -
The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and weight data in order to make final decisions or judgement.
(What if questions)
Analogical rea*oning -
This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem.
Deductive rea*oning -
This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or situation.
For example, all countries near the north pole. therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures
📌C. Schema/Schemata theory
By: Bartlet
Schema-
- refers to the prior knowledge
Assimilation -
This is this is the process if fitting a new experience into an existing or previously created schema.
Accomodation-
This is the process if creating a new schema.
Equilibrium -
Achieving proper balance between Assimilation and accommodation.
If not match our schemata we experience
"Cognitive disequilibrium"
📌D. Gestalt principle of Visual perception
By Gestalt
- determine what we see/percept.
🏓Laws of Gestalt
Gestalt means "whole".
Law of similarity -
Kapag kapareho
Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure -
Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a manner as possible for example, a monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles rather than a collection of a curved lines.
Law of proximity - refers to how close elements are to one another. The strongest proximity relationship are those between overlapping subjects, but just grouping objects into a single area can have a strong proximity effect.
Law of Continuity - posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of how the lines were actually drawn
Law of Closure - "fill the gap"
is one of the coolest gestalt principles and one I already touched on at the beginning of this piece. It's the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a whole
📌E. Insight learning theory
By wolfgang kohler
- sudden grasping of the solution, a lash of understanding, without any process of trial and error.
Learning happen in sudden -"Eurika"
(Aha moment)
Expirement: monkey names (Sultan)
Believes that the whole is more important than the parts.so Learning takes place as a whole.
📌F. Information processing theory
By (Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin)
Sensory memory - it holds information that the
mind perceives through various senses.
(small capacity).
Short term memory - last around 30 seconds.
(Short Duration)
Long term Memory - has an unlimited amount of space as it can store memories from a long time ago to be retrieved at a later time.
Long term memory
1. Episodic Memory
- recalling episodes (events)
2. Semantic Memory
- knowledge of a general Facts, principles and concepts.
3. Procedural Memory
- refers to "know how" as opposed to "know about".
📌G. Cumulative Learning
By Robert Gagne
Gradual development of knowledge and skills that improve over time.
28/01/2024
23/01/2024
23/09/2023
11/04/2023