Pasayo Modern Islamic Institution

Classes started.
PaSaYo Modern Islamic Institution.
❤️💙

*🔥🔥 _IMPORTANT FACTS TO REMEMBER_ 🔥🔥*

🌼Lowest electronegativity : Cs

💐. Highest electronegativity : F.

🌷 Highest ionisation potential : He

🌹. Lowest ionisation potential : Cs

🌺. Lowest electron affinity : Noble gases

🌸. Highest electron affinity : Chlorine

🌻. Least electropositive element : F

🌞. Lowest m. pt. metal : Hg

🌸 Highest m. pt. and b. pt. metal : W (Tungsten)

🥀. Lowest m. pt. and b. pt. non metal : He

🍁 Notorious element : Hydrogen

🐚. Lightest element : Hydrogen

🌾. Smallest atomic size : H

🐲. Largest atomic size : Cs

🐿. Largest anionic size : I –

🦜. Smallest cation : H+

🌵. Most electropositive element : Cs

☘. Element with electronegativity next to Fluorine : Oxygen

🍄. Group containing maximum no. of gaseous elements in periodic table : Zero group

⭐️. Total number of gaseous elements in periodic table : 11 (H, N, O, F, Cl, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)



🌈. Total number of liquid elements in periodic table : 6 (Ga, Br, Cs, Hg, Fr, Uub)

🌽. Smallest anion : H–

🥎. Liquid element of radioactive nature : Fr

🏹 Total number of radioactive elements in periodic table : 25

🏋‍♂ Volatile d-block elements : Zn, Cd, Hg, Uub

🏵. Element containing no neutron : H

🎺. Most aboundant element on earth : Oxygen

🧩. Rarest element on earth : At (astatine)

🚌. Most aboundant metal on earth : Al

🚦. Element having maximum tendency for catenation : Carbon

⛺️. Non metal having highest m. pt., b. pt. : Carbon (diamond)

🏥. Metals showing highest oxidation number : Os (+8)

🌆. Most electrovalent compound : CsF

📱. Most stable carbonate : Cs2CO3

⏰. Strongest alkali : CsOH

⚙. Strongest basic oxide : Cs2O

💣. Best electricity conductor among metals : Ag

🧬. Best electricity conductor among non metals : graphite

🖼. Most poisonous element : Pu (Plutonium)

🪅. Liquid non metals : Br


📕. Element kept in water : Phosphorous

🖇. Elements kept in kerosene : IA group element (except Li)

❤️. Elements sublime on heating : I 2

💢. Noble metals : Au, Pt. etc.

♨️. Amphoteric metal : Be, Zn, Al, Sn, Pb

🔰. Amphoteric non metal : Si

💠. Metalloids elements : B, Si, As, Te, At, Ge, Sb

❇️. Non metals having metallic lusture : Graphite, Iodine

🔆. Heaviest naturally occuring element : Uranium

‼️. Poorest conductor of electricity : Diamond

🟡. Hardest naturally occuring element : Diamond

🔳. Lightest solid metal : Li

🔶. Amphoteric oxides : BeO, Al2O3 , ZnO, PbO, PbO2 , SnO, SnO2 , Sb2O3 , As3O3 etc.

🟪. Neutral oxides of non metals : NO, CO, H2O, N2O

♦️. Dry bleacher : H2O2

🦀. Dry ice : Solid CO2

🦄. First man made element : Tc43 (Technicium)

🦋. Smallest period : Ist (2 elements)

🎄. Largest period in periodic table : 6th (32 elements)

🎋. Largest group in periodic table : IIIB (32 elements)



💐. Most abundant d-block metal : Fe

🌷. Most abundant s-block metal : Ca

🌹. Highest density (Metals) : Os, Ir

🌸. Highest density (Non Metals) : Boron

🌼. Most abundant gas in atmosphere : Nitrogen

🌝. Most abundant element in the universe : Hydrogen

خوشخبري
نرسنگ ۾ 4 سال بيچلرس ڊگري حاصل ڪريو مفت ۾ گڏوگڏ ماھوار 30 ھزار روپيا وظيفو.
لياقت يونيورسٽي ۾ ڇوڪرين لاء 50 سيٽون نج اسڪالرشپ تي ۽ سر سي جي ڪاليج گدو چوڪ ۾ ڇوڪرن لاء پڻ اسڪالرشپ تي سيٽون.
ان کان علاوه سڄي سنڌ جي مختلف ميڊيڪل ڪاليجز ۾ اسڪالرشپ ۽ بغير اسڪالرشپ جي سيٽون موجود آھن.
پوء دير نہ ڪريو اڄ ئي اپلائي ڪريو سکر آئي بي اي جي ويب سائيٽ تي ۽ ٽيسٽ پاس ڪري ميرٽ تي بيچلرس نرسنگ ۾ ڊگري حاصل ڪريو.
Here's the translation:

"Good news! Get a 4-year Bachelor's degree in Nursing for free, along with a monthly stipend of Rs. 30,000. Liaquat University is offering 50 seats for girls on a full scholarship, and Sir C.J. College in Ghotki is also offering seats for boys on a scholarship. Additionally, scholarships and non-scholarship seats are available in various medical colleges across Sindh.

Don't delay, apply now on the Sukkur IBA University website and pass the test to get admission on merit to pursue a Bachelor's degree in Nursing."

- *Government Colleges*
- Civil Hospital Karachi
- Ayaz Samoon Nursing Institute Lyari Karachi
- Sindh Government Qata Hospital Orangi Town Karachi
- Civil Hospital, Thatta
- Civil Hospital, Badin
- Liaquat University Hospital Hyderabad
- Civil Hospital Mirpurkhas
- Civil Hospital Sanghar
- PMC Hospital Nawabshah (SBA)
- Civil Hospital Khairpur
- Civil Hospital Sukkur
- RBUT Hospital Shikarpur
- CMC Hospital Larkan
- Male School of Nursing Jacobabad (Regular & Self)
- Male School of Nursing Larkana
- School of Nursing Sir C.J Institute of Psychiatry Hyderabad (Regular & Self)
- Male School of Nursing SGH Korangi No. 05 Karachi
- Male School of Nursing SGH Liaquatabad Karachi
- Male School of Nursing SG Lyari General Hospital Karachi

- *Private Colleges*
- South City Institute of Nursing
- Jinnah College of Nursing
- National Institute of Child Health, School of Nursing
- Chiniot Institute of Nursing & Midwifery
- Liaquat College of Nursing & Allied Health Sciences




LUMHS CraZe
Azizen
National Testing Service - Pakistan - NTS
Medical Testing Service - MTS
Mdcat Aspirant

⭕ *Key points of biology first year from chapter ENZYMES*

• Enzymes are globular proteins
• Co factor= bridge between enzyme and substrate
• Non-protein part covalently bonded to enzyme= prosthetic group
• Loosely attached to protein part= coenzyme
• Enzymes simply dissolved in cytoplasm
• Active site of enzymes= binding site+ catalytic site
• pH
• Pepsin 2
• Sucrase 4.5
• Enterokinase 5.5
• Salivary amylase 6.8
• Catalase 7.6
• Chymotrypsin 7-8
• Pancreatic lipase 9
• Arginase 9.7
• Chlorenchymatous cells carry out photosynthesis
• Cell membrane
• 60-80% protein
• 20-40% lipids
• Peptidoglycan= murien
• Large and small subunit of ribosome attachment is controlled by Mg +2 ion
• Old mitichondria digested by lysosomes by autophagy
• Centrioles play a role in formation of cilia
• Undifferentiated cells have 30000 nuclear pores per nucleus
• Erythrocytes have 3-4pores/nucleus
• Chromosome
• Chimpanzee 48
• Onion 16
• Potato 48
CH #4 CELL
• Father of botany- Theophrastus
• Science of exception- bionics
• Physical basis of life was explained by- Huxley
• Lipid synthesis takes place in- smooth ER
• Nucleus discovered by Robert Brown in cells of "orchids"
• The term ribosome was obtained by- Palade
• Plasma membrane also called as cell membrane and unit membrane
• In cell membrane of animals lipid is present about 50%
• Cholesterol absent in plant and bacterial cells
• Plasma membrane ke structure me oligosaccharides are attached to integral proteins whereas glycolipids are
directly attached to the layer
• Primary wall 1.3 micrometer
• Sec wall 5-10 micrometer
• Seed hairs of cotton plant- gossypium
• Lamella - Ca and Mg pectate
• Pri wall- hemicellulose cellulose and pectic substances
• Sec wall- cellulose lignin
• No of chromosome in corn 20
• Rough Er present in salivary glands pancreas
• Smooth Er present in lipid producing cells
• Mitochondria 0.2-1nm in diameter and 10 micrometer long
• Enzymes in mitochondria are located in inner membrane (cristae)
• Matrix - energy rich area• Golgi bodies - 1898 discovered
• Cis face is recieving end of golgi apparatus
• Trans face is shipping side
• Tay sachs death by age 3
• Gaucher infant form
• Krabbe death by age 2
• Proplastids occur in meristematic tissues
• Glyoxysome fatty acid into sugar
• Microfilaments actin and myosin
• Intermediate vimnetin
• Microtubules tubulin
• Eukaryotes 80s ribosome, small 40s large 60s subunits
• Prokaryotes 70s ribosome, 50s large 30s small subunits
• Ribosomes contain abt 50 diff kinds of proteins Ribosomes are attached to er by large subunits
• Centrosome contain pair of centrioles
• Vacuoles are nonprotoplasmic
• Plant vacuoles act as lysosome
• Homology divergent evolution
• Analogy convergent evolution
• Main tool for classifying organisms- genetics
CHAPTER 5 VIRUS
• Virus can pass through porcelin fibres whereas bacterias cant
• Wendell stanley crystallized viruses
• Virus 20nm-250nm
• No of capsomeres characteristic of a virus
• Tmv- helical or isometric having a rod like appearance
• Antisepsis- procedures to reduce or eliminate possibility of infection
• Rabies also called hydrophobia
• Misuse of antibiotics
• Penicillin- allergic reactions
• Streptomycin- affect auditory nerve causing deafness
• Tetracycline- discolouration of teeth
• Species basic unit of classification
• Allium cepa- onion
• Margulis and Schwartz modified Whittaker scheme by considering
• " cellular organization, mode of nutrition, cytology, genetics and organelles of symbiotic origin"
• Bacteriophage= bacteria eater, disovered by Twort(1915) and D'Herelle(1917)
• Pox virus 250nm
• Parvovirus 20 nm
• Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites
• Viruses are generally resistant to broad range of antibiotics
• 162 capsomeres in herpes virus
• 252 in adenovirus(cause common colds)
• Icosahedral- having 20 faces
• Helical are rod shaped
• T2 and T4 are used in phage studies
• Lysogenic virus:
• Detachment of viral DNA from host's chromosome and beginning of lytic cycle is called induction
• Mumps and measles develop immunity in their victims
• Rna tumor virus- retrovirus-oncovirus
• Hiv is host specified
• Hepatitis A - infectious hepatitis, vaccine available
• serum hepatitis, second major form, vaccine available
• non A non B hepatitis(former name), often leads to chronic liver disease, causes infusion hepatitis, less severe
than H A and B, no vaccine is present for H C
• delta hepatitis
• Hepatitis E- can be caused by pig, transmitted through feaces of infected person
• Viral hepatitis is of 7 types (A-G)
• Bacteriophage - 5 diff proteins (tadpole)
• Polio virus- spherical
• Single stranded RNA- HIV
• Double stranded DNA- Hepatitis B
• Adsorption, injection, reproduction, lysis.
• Lytic - virulent
• Lysogenic- temperate
• Tiny molecules of naked RNA- viroids(nuclear gene)
• Infectious protein- prions, misfolded form of protein present in brain cells.
• Aids discovered in 1985
• Rabies discovered by louis pasteur
• Rhabdo virus- rod shaped
• Flu is caused by adeno virus(check)
• Horizontal transmission - external source
• Vertical - inherited from parents
• Hiv affects T cells (T4 or helper)
• "Aids involves defect in cell mediated immunity"
• Skin cancer- kaposi's sarcoma
• Septicemia- blood poisoning
• Sumarin- antiparasitic drug
• Hepatitis A- enveloped RNA virus, transmitted by feaces
• ""Hepatitis B- serum hepatitis, unusual Dna virus(small circular molecule of partly double stranded Dna), 359
nucleotides, viral genome encodes two proteins and Dna polymerase, also causes liver cancer, health problem
among Asians, Africans and male homos*xuals""
• Hepatitis C - mother to child during pregnancy
CHAPTER 6 PROKARYOTAE
• Bacteria 0.2 to 2 micron in breadth, 2 -10 micron in length
• Volutine granules= intracytoplasmic storage form of complex inorganic polyphosphate
• Flagella originate from basal body
• Bacterial capsule is made up of polysaccharides and protein
• Cell wall has peptidoglycan
• Archaebacteria do not have peptidoglycan
• Cell membrane in bacteria helps in respiration
• Mesosomes also help in respiration , cell division, dna replication and export of enzyme
• Plasmids provide resistance against antibiotics
• Bacterial chlorophyll was discovered by Von Neil in 1930
• Iron crystals are formed within bacterial cytoplasm
• Conjugation - pilli- laderberg and tatum in 1946
• Transduction - bacteriophage- laderberg and zinder 1952
• Transformation- heat killed having effect on alive- fred griffith 1928
• Riboflavin - vit B2 produced by clostridium
• Vaccination - active immunization
• Oral vaccine - polio
• Injected vaccine- tetanus
• Cyano bacteria pigments- chlorophyll a and phycocyanin
• Single filament - trichome
• Ribosomes pseudovacuoles and reserve food in form of cyanophyceae starch is present in nostoc
• Nostoc- first colonizers of moist soil
• Heterocyst- centre of nitrogen fixation
• Bacteria- pioneers of cellular organization
• Prokaryotic cell wall is composed of polysaccharide chains bound covalently to shorter chains of aminoacids
forming peptidoglycan or murien. The entire wall is regarded as molecular comole called " sacculus"
• Bacteria called as animacules by Antony Van Leeuvenhook
• Pasteur- made vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera and rabies
• Robert Koch- germ theory of disease
• Smallest bacteria(mycoplasma) is the size of largest virus(pox virus)
• Bacteria in brown surgeonfish- Acanthrus nigrofuscus
• True pilli are only present on gram negative bacteria
• Pilli made up of protein pilin
• Cell wall of archaebacteria- proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides
• Chromatin body of bacteria visible under light microscope after staining with "Feulgen stain"
• Cysts are not heat resistant
• Green, purple sulphur and purple non sulphur bacteria are photosynthetic
• Pseudomonas(bacilli)- aerobic bacteria
• Spirochete- anaerobic
• E.coli- facultative anaerobic
• Campylobacter- microaerophilic
• Bacteria lack mitosis and traditional s*xual repro
• Sterilization- destruction of all life forms, generally gamma rays are used
• Moist heat- coagulation of protein and kills microbes
• Dry heat- oxidation of chem constituents of microbes and kills them
• Chemical substances used on living tissues that inhibit growth of microorganism- antiseptics
• Microbicidal- kills microbes immediately
• Microbistatic- inhibits reproductive capacities and maintains microbial population at constant size
• CHAPTER 7 PROTOCTISTA
• Phycoerythrin- red pigment present in red algae
• Chlorella - fresh water flagella
• *algae
• Repro by aplanospores
• Pyrenoids store starch
• Ulva marine alga
• As*xual repro by quadriflagellate zoospores
• Sexual by biflagellate
• Amoeboid stage of slime mold is called plasmodium
• Slime mold cells formed by spore germination are biflagellated
• Water mold as*xual repro by biflagellate zoospores
• Sexual repro in water molds discoverd by Clinton in 1911
• Protozoa - 30000 species
• Ciliata- balintidium, opalina paramecium
• Suctoria- acineta
• Sporozoa- plasmodium, monocystis
• Flagellata- trypanosoma
• Sarcodina- amoeba, radiolarian ooze and globigerina ooze
CHAPTER 8 FUNGI
• Fungi have a characteristic mitosis- nuclear mitosis
• Multinucleated large cell without hypha- coenocytic
• Armillaria a pathogenic fungus afflicts conifers
• All fungal nuclei are haploid except zygote formed which also directly after fusion divides by meiosis
• Pleurotus ostreatus (pearl oyster) and Arthrobotyrs are predator fungi and their preys are nematodes
• Saprobic fungi have modified hypha called rhizoid
• Parasitic have called haustoria
• Of vascular plants
• Lichen = fungi + alga
• Mycorrhiza = fungi + plants(roots)
• Ph tolerated 2-9
• Endomycorrhiza = present in surrounding region as well as pe*****te
• Ecto = only in surrounding
• Pinus, firs= ectomycorrhiza
• Orchid= endomycorrhiza
• Spores are produced in both as*xual.and s*xual repro
• Fungi store excess food as lipid droplets or glycogen
• Zygomycota
• 600 species
• Lack septa
• Bread molds, black bread molds, mucor, rhizopus
• Smallest group
• As*xual repro more common by sporangia
• Sexual by zygospore
• Saccharomyces crevisiae- fermentation
• Candida- vaginal and oral thrush
• Ascomycota
• Largest group
• 30000 species
• Yeasts morels truffles powdery mildew cup fungi neurospora
• As*xual by conidia
• Sexual by ascocarp
• Also called sac fungi
• Female gametangia has trichogyne for recieving male gametes
• Eight ascospores are formed
• Cup fungi and morels - opothecium
• Neurospora- perithecium
• Deuteromycota
• Fungi imperfecti
• 17000 species
• No s*xual reproduction
• Paras*xualitu occurs
• Penicillium- penicillin, flavour and aroma to cheese
• Aspergillus fermenting soya sauce and soya paste
• Citric acid is also prepared
• Aspergillosis ear lung disease
• Moniliassis gum skin mouth
• Basidiomycota
• 16000 species
• Mushrooms toadstools puffballs jelly fungi shelf fungi rust s**t
• As*xual not mentioned in our book therefore s*xual more common
• Sexual by badidium
• Also called club fungi
• 4 haploid spores are produced
• Histoplasmolysis lung infection
• Aspergillus fumigatus - aflatoxins
• Pink yeast rhodotrula on shower curtains Protozoans- ingest their food by endocytosis
• Locomotion
• Amoeba- pseudopodia
• Zooflagellates- flagella
• Actinopods- pseupodia
• Foraminifera-pseudopodia
• Apicomplexans-none(parasites), most are digenic• Ciliata- cilia
• Giant amoeba- Pelomyxa palustris- most primitive of all eukaryotes, obtain enetgy from methanogenuc bacteria
which reside within them
• Trichonymphas- live in gut of termites as symbionts and help in digestion of dry wood
• Micronuclei- s*xual repro
• Macronuclei- cell metabolism and growth
• Foraminiferans and actinopods produce shells
• Foraminiferans produce of calcium(have created vast limestone deposits) whereas actinopods of silica
Radiolarians are actinopods with glassy shell
• Rhodophyta- red algae (no flagella), take part in coral reefs
• Chlorophyta- green algae(have flagella)
• Phaeophyta- brown algae(two flagella on repro cells), kelps the largest brown alga
• Chrysophyta-diatoms (no flagella), major producers
• Pyrrophyta- dinoflagellates(two flagella), imp group of producers
• Euglenophyta- euglenoids (two flagella one long one short)
• Marine alga are source of useful substances like algin, agar, carrageenan and antiseptics
• Feeding stage of slimemold- plasmodium
• Plasmodial slimemold Physarum polycephalum is a model organism
• Water molds- cell wall made of cellulose
• Cyanobacteria- gram negative
• Oscillatoria- pollution indicator
• Super blue green alga- complete whole food -60% proteins with all essential aminoacids in perfect balance
• Mycologist- who study fungi
• Reproductive structures- mushrooms, puffballs, morels
• Mildews are obligate parasites
• Oyster mushroom- nitrogen requirements by nematodes and carb requirements by breaking wood
(omnivorous)
• Fungi grow best in moist habitats
• Rhizopus - black bread mold
• Pilobilus -spitting fungus, both belong to zygomycota(conjugating fungi)
• Morels are mycorrhizal, Morchella esculenta
• Puccinia species are most common rust fungi
• Ustilago most common s**t
• "Ustilago tritici (loose s**t of wheat) spores are teliospores" PAST NTS
• Penicillium - blue green molds
• Aspergillus- brown molds
• Brush like arrangement of conidia is characteristic of penicillium
• Death stool - Amanita
• Reindeer moss is a lichen
• Lovastatin used for lowering blood cholesterol
• Cyclosporine- used in organ transplantation
• Ergotine- to relieve migraine
Griseofulvin- inhibit fungal growth
• PLANTAE
• Sporopollenin polymer resistant to all kinds of environmental damage
• Bryophytes dominant gametophyte
• Cuticle noncellular layer of wax like substance cutin
• Paraphyses help to prevent drying of s*x organs
• Oospore - zygote
• Hepaticea - liverworts
• Musci - moss, gametophyte with transistory prostrate stage called protonema
• Anthocerotae - hornworts, most advanced group, sporophyte can survive without gametophyte
• Funaria hygrometrica- moss
• Protoandry - maturation of male s*x organs before female
• Attractant for sperms- sugarcane scent
• Tracheophyta
• Have protective layer of sterile jacket cells around repro organs
• Dominant sporophyte
• Psilopsida
• Living genera Psilotum and Tmespteris
• Rhynia most primitive vascular plant
• One veined leaf- microphyllous
• Many veined leaf- megaphyllous, first step planation, second step webbing
• Lycopsida- club mosses
• Five genera alive
• Formed Earth's first forest
• Lycopodium- running pine or ground pine, homosporous
• Selaginella- heterosporous
• Sphenopsida- horse tails
• Coal is formed from these plants
• Homosporous
• Pteropsida- ferns
• Evolved from psilopsida
• Leaves are simple but mostly compound
• Homosporous
• Adiantum or dryopteris
• Leaves bearing sori- sporophyll
• Prothallus - gametophyte is independent heart shaped
• Archegonium secretes malic acid at maturity
• Prothallus after formation of sporophyte degenerates
• Spermopsida
• Gametophytes are very reduced
• Heterosporous
• Gymnosperm
• Naked seed
• No fruit
• Cycads declined in cretaceous period but nine genera survive today called sago palms
• Gingko- maidenhair tree
• Best group of gymnosperm- conifer
• Pine - repro structure- cones
• Mature female gametophyte produces 2-5 archegonia
• Pollen grains- multicellular haploid structure, germinated pollen contains six nuclei (4 active and 2 of
degenerated cells)
• Angiosperms
• Hv o***y
• Hv fruit
• Ovules enclosed within modified leaves called carpels
• Flower - compressed reproductive shoot with four whorls of modified leaves
• Became dominant in cenzoic era
• Thalamus- receptacle
• Sepals- calyx
• Petals- corolla
• Stamen- androecium
• Carpels- gynoecium
• Seven celled eight nucleate structure- female gametophyte (embryo sac)
• Anther- 4 microsporangia
• Generative nucleus- technically a cell with almost no cytoplasm
• After fertilization
• Ovule- seed
• O***y- fruit
• Endosperm nucleus- endosperm
• Classification or grouping : taxonomy or systematics
• starts life as a zygote , diploid cell
• cleavage -multicellular >solid ball of mass called morula > hollow ball of cells blastula > blastula invaginates to
form gastrula.
• sac like opening in gastrula is called blastopore
• hollow dig sys called enteron if it is open at one end
• Phylum porifera into sub kingdom parazoa and the rest 8 into sub phylum eumetazoa
• eumetazoa form three germinal layers from which organs develop
• germ layers - ectoderm, endoderm mesoderm
• Rosaceae
• Important in temperate regions
• Ranks third in commercial inportance
• Rosa indica rose
• Pyruspastia- to***co pipes
• Crataegus and cotoneaster- walking sticks
• Rose water- eye diseases
• Pyrus malus- apple
• Pyrus communis- pear
• Pyrus persica- peach
• Pyrus amygdalus- almond
• Phylum porifera is not divided into parazoa and eumetazoa
• Porifera is placed in sub kingdom parazoa and the rest 8 are placed in eumetazoa
• Solanaceae - nightshade or potato family
• O***y obliquely placed
• Family provide drugs and food
• Brinjal- egg plant- Solanum melongena
• Fruit of capsicum rich in vit A and C
• Physalis- ground cherry- husk tomato
• Atropa belladona - deadly nightshade- atropine- medicinal imp
• Datura (james town w**d) - daturine- medicinal imp
• Solanum tubersom- potato
• Lycopersicum esculentum- tomato
• Capsicum annum- red pepper
• Petunia alba- petunia
• Solanum nigrum- black nightshade
• Datura alba- thorn apple
• Nicotiana tabacum- to***co
• Cestrum nocturnum- lady of the night
• Fabaceae - papilionaceae- pea family
• Vexillary aestivation - papilionaceous corolla
• Medicinal imp
• Family is a source of high protein food
• Pulses belong to this family
• Cicer arietinum- channa- gram pea
• Pisum sativum- pea
• Lens esculanta- masure
• Phaseolus aureus- mung
• Phaseolus mung- urad
• Phaseolus vulgaris- kidney bean
• Medicago sativa, alfalfa - lusan
• Timber plants- butea , dalbergia
• Arachis hypogea- peanut
• Indigofera tinctoria- neel- indigo dye
• Butea monosperma- yellow dye
• Glycyrrhiza glabra- cough and cold
• Clitoria termatea- snake bite
• Abrus precatorious- ratti
• Lathyrus odoratus- sweet pea
• Dalbergia sisso- red wood
• Sesbania aegyptica- sesbania
• Caesalpinacea- cassia family
• Medicinal, ornamental and food imp
• Cassia fistula- amaltus- cure ring worm and skin disease
• Cassia senna and cassia obovata- drug senna used as laxative
• Cynometera cauliflora- oil used for skin disease
• Bauhinia verigata- camels foot- kachnar- used as vegetable
• Haematoxylon- long wood- dye hematoxylin
• Bauhinia perpurea, tamarus indicus(imli) - barks used for tanning
• Poinciana regia- flame of the forest- ornamental
• Parkinosia roxburgai- vilayati kikar- ornamental
• Poaceae- Graminae- Grass family
• Imp as it provides food fodder ornamentals
• Composed of units called spikelets
• Two lower bracts - glumes are empty
• Perianth(calyx+corolla) is represented by lodicule
• Stigma feathery
• Triticum indicum- wheat
• Avena sativa- oats
• Oryza sativa- rice
• Zea mays- indian corn
• Saccharum officinarum- sugar cane- sugar is obtained
• Hordeum vulgare- barley
• Pennisetum typhoideum- bajra
• Bambusoideae- bamboo - vegetable and soup dish
• Mimosaceae- acacia family
• Albizzia lebbek- siris- cabinet wood and railway carriages
• Acacia, albizzia and xylia- used for construction and fuel
• Acacia nilotica--gum tree- arabic gum, leaves of this plant are used as blood purifier
• Acacia catechu- A.senegal katha (a dye)
• Prosopis glandulosa- f

🔮 *Past Papers for free of cost* (click on read at the end for more papers)
📚 _University Past Papers:_
🔮 SZABMU
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1E1ORbCuos_uSOcgOckxXbOl4rVa6C8RT
🔮 UHS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1RtnMzJmI-EvYjgTj6ONcGVGCvGPe80RM
🔮 ETEA
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1DMzHrSHibdF7jE8FFt1aDP1yFMtn8Uof
🔮 KMUCAT
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1F1dUGQq3vfCZ6XlgslHmT6EpJ3zfZUwn
🔮 DUHS (DOW)
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1N0Rxo57TDlKSEM3c4kWl7cDBD1HqvBgT
🔮 JSMU
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1NEAsLt9ah9pRxdAhen4PZM0e8pKsPfrN
🔮 LUMHS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Nd8vkf4j8YCrsSm-zKKoiPb2WmXH8KE4
🔮 NTS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1PQfi3FaGcR3mmPpNk41CtCbe7ehZkYYx
🔮 BUHMS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1D-e5GlFTlVvrpgWVL5HZkrmTH0mdLfJT
🔮 NUMS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1GmBiRVv2wxhwAwsbqJwG_kGDKLXROWyF
🔮 AFNS
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/18kK9hOJkjiRyNQ6NFJcGuqtbTpGJtl-z
🔮 PMC/NMDCAT
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Mi5GORBvMysDBy20O4jbGiLpzYsJ6I07
🔮 USAT
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16SbMmDuu0XkALwqBGBKc4Hid59Bww0yd
🔮 HEC
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1kAQ-piHrFnw0ZSZCyKekDpp-8GmNyQgK
🔮 NET
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1iaVN95Bt8PvJPEnMw8uyuGrhqppLnVYp/view?usp=drivesdk
🔮 NED
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1GfHsQBEzFFyeoTXjpHs5dsrocIAeA6jy

🔮 *Program-specific Past Papers*

💊 Nursing (BSN)
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Kv16b5xWb2uXviU4GKjO7gGDhW5u4Pzl
💊 Pharm-D
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZyFMJBD2Xbv6vLFZhjRyxjprbv1x_Cbu/view?usp=drivesdk
🔮 _Additional Resources:_

🔮 Chapter-wise Past Papers
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1HIfbOBNwHgyGUgjVxA3vEEWOOBc75Ue4
🔮 Past Papers Books
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1nZ61IuN7nbdBJ-cAMGdttB5pQSDeBmay

TeamMDCATdevils👿

FMDC PAPERS PAPERS📑TEST©DANII - Google Drive

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*University of Health Sciences (UHS), Lahore has uploaded 1st College-wise Selection List of BDS for Admission to Public Sector Dental Colleges in Punjab Session 2023-24.*
https://e-portal.uhs.edu.pk/
Selected candidates have time till 05 January, 2024 to submit the college fee.

e-portal.uhs.edu.pk

Karachi University Admissions 2024
Jo Tulaba Fee Pay Nahe Kar Sakte Hain, Unke Fee Admission Fund se Ada Ke Jayege.
Aese Tulaba Student Admission Fund K Counter se Form le kar documents k Sath submit karaen.
Student Admission Fund ka counter Karachi University me Gymnasium Hall me banaya gaya hai.
Last Date: 04-January-2024..