Aspirants Academy for CSS & PCS

Essay – 4 Types
There are 4 types of essays which are listed below.

Narrative Essay

Here the writer narrates an incident or event.

Descriptive Essay

Here the author describes any event, process or conditions.

Informative Essay

Here the purpose of the writer is to provide information including negative and positive sides to a topic.

Persuasive Essay

Here the author tries to convince the reader about any topic.

Basically, in the essay paper, a combination of all the above types is generally required. The writer’s goals define the type of essay used.

Link to prepare foreign Policy for upcoming exam.

Force and Diplomacy in the Nuclear Age IN his whimsical essay "Perpetual Peace" written in 1795, the German philosopher Kant predicted that world peace could be attained in one of two ways: by a moral consensus which he identified with a republican form of government, or by a cycle of wars of ever-increasing violence which would reduce t...

Surreptitious (adjective) چوری چھپے، خفیہ
kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of.
Example: “low wages were supplemented by surreptitious payments from tradesmen”
Synonyms: secret, stealthy, clandestine, secretive, sneaky
Antonyms: blatant, open, honest
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Legitimacy (noun) قانونی حیثیت، قابل قبول
conformity to the law or to rules.
Example: “he has undermined the legitimacy of the criminal justice system”
Synonyms: validity, legality, lawfulness, authenticity, legitimation
Antonyms: illegitimacy, illegality, illicitness, unlawfulness

Obnoxious (adjective) قابل نفرت، بیہودہ، قابل اعتراض
extremely unpleasant.
Example: “obnoxious odours”
Synonyms: unpleasant, disagreeable, nasty, distasteful, offensive
Antonyms: delightful, pleasant, charming
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Ignominy (noun) بدنامی، رسوائی
public shame or disgrace.
Example: “the ignominy of being imprisoned”
Synonyms: shame, humiliation, embarrassment, mortification
Antonyms: honour

Inapplicable (adjective) غیر موزوں، ناقابل اطلاق
not relevant or appropriate.
Example: “the details are likely to be inapplicable to other designs”
Synonyms: irrelevant, immaterial, not germane, not pertinent
Antonyms: relevant, applicable
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Precept (noun) فرمان، حکم
a general rule intended to regulate behaviour or thought.
Example: “the legal precept of being innocent until proven guilty”
Synonyms: principle, rule, tenet, canon, code
Antonyms: ambiguity, unbelief, answer
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Denial (noun) انکار، تردید، رد
the action of denying something.
Example: “she shook her head in denial”
Synonyms: contradiction, counterstatement, refutation, rebuttal
Antonyms: confirmation

Turmoil (noun) افراتفری، ہنگامہ، ہلچل
a state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty.
Example: “the country was in turmoil”
Synonyms: confusion, upheaval(s), turbulence, tumult, disorder, commotion, disturbance, agitation
Antonyms: calm, peace
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Deplorable (adjective) خستہ حال، بدقسمتی، قابل رحم
deserving strong condemnation; completely unacceptable.
Example: “children living in deplorable conditions”
Synonyms: disgraceful, shameful, dishonourable, disreputable, discreditable, unworthy, shabby
Antonyms: admirable
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Rules of Precis writing

1. Read the given passage carefully at least three times in order to be able to grasp what the writer has said or grasp the main idea.

2. Underline the important points to be included in your precis.A point is important if it is intimately conneted with the main subject and if it is essential for a clear exposition of the theme.

3. Use your own language in the precis.While words and phrases from the original may be used in the precis,Wjole sentences should never be liften out of the original to be included in it.

4. The precis should be roughly one-third of the original passage.Always prepare a rough draft first and count the words.If you find that it is too long,Shorten it by removing what seems inessential and by condensing phraseology.If it turns out to be too shorten,Read the original to see what more can be added to the precis.

5. Examples,illustrations and comparison should be left out of the precis. Figure of speech should be removed and the ideas expressed in clear,direct language.

6. You own comments on the ideas of the precis are absolutely forbidden.Do not express any oppinion,favourale or unfavourable ,about the ideas in the original passage.

7. Be very careful about the language you write.Mistakes of grammar and spelling are penalized as much in the precis as in other forms of composition.

8. See that your precis is a piece of readable english and that its ideas can be understood even by a person who has not gone through the original.This is very important.

9. Your precis should be a connected whole.As such it should not be divided into paragraph.(this rule does not apply to very long original pieces of writing such as those set in the competitive examinations)

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