Vanguard-Sinag Academy L&D Services

23/02/2026

Dura lex, sed lex

Translation: The law may be harsh, but it is the law.

This maxim reflects the strict application of legal rules regardless of whatever personal circumstances are involved in a particular case. In Philippine courts, this principle is often cited when the law provides no exceptions, even if the outcome seems unfair. It teaches law students and lawyers alike that justice is rooted in the consistent application of the law.

19/02/2026

18/02/2026

ARTICLE III — BILL OF RIGHTS

Section 1
Due process and equal protection of the laws.

Section 2
Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures; warrant requirement.

Section 3
Privacy of communication; exclusionary rule.

Section 4
Freedom of speech, expression, press, assembly, and petition.

Section 5
Freedom of religion; no establishment; no religious test.

Section 6
Liberty of abode and right to travel.

Section 7
Right to information on matters of public concern.

Section 8
Right to form unions and associations.

Section 9
Eminent domain; just compensation.

Section 10
Non-impairment of contracts.

Section 11
Free access to courts; legal assistance for the poor.

Section 12
Rights of persons under investigation; custodial rights.

Section 13
Right to bail; excessive bail prohibited.

Section 14
Rights of the accused; fair criminal trial.

Section 15
Suspension of the writ of habeas corpus.

Section 16
Right to speedy disposition of cases.

Section 17
Right against self-incrimination.

Section 18
No detention for political beliefs; prohibition of involuntary servitude.

Section 19
Cruel punishment prohibited; death penalty limits.

Section 20
No imprisonment for debt.

Section 21
Double jeopardy.

Section 22
No ex post facto law; no bill of attainder.

17/02/2026

dsurb