Nurse Ela MB

🛜🩵L E A D E R S H I P
A N D
M A N A G E M E NT📍


🩷A. LEADERSHIP
➢🩶 The process of influencing the actions of a person or group to attain desired objectives.

NURSING LEADERSHIP
➢ 🩶The process whereby a nurse influence one or more persons to achieve specific goals in the provision of nursing care for one or more patients.

🩷B. THEORIES of LEADERSHIP🚨

1. Great Man Theory
➢ 🩶Leaders are born and not made, which suggests that leadership cannot be developed. Few people are born with necessary characteristics to be great.

2. Charismatic Theory
➢ 🩶People maybe leaders because they are charismatic but relatively little is known about this intangible characteristics most agree that it is an inspirational quality that makes others feel better in their presence.

3. Trait Theories
➢ 🩶Assume that a person must have certain innate abilities, personality traits or other characteristics in order to be a leader.
➢ 🩶Traits could be obtained through learning and experience.

4. Situational Theory
➢ 🩶Suggests that the traits required of a leader differ according to varying situations.

5. Contingency Theory
➢ 🩶Leadership style will be effective or ineffective depending on the situation.

6. Path – Goal Theory
➢ 🩶The leader facilitates task accomplishment by minimizing obstruction to the goals and by rewarding followers for completing their tasks.

🩷C. KINDS of LEADERSHIP

1. Transactional Leadership
➢ 🩶Is an exchange posture that identifies needs of followers and provides rewards to meet those needs in exchange for expected performance.
2. Transformational Leadership
➢ 🩶Promotes employee development, attends to needs and motives of followers, inspires through optimism, influences changes in perception, provides intellectual stimulation and encourages follower creativity. It is a cooperative process – focused networking.

🩷D. LEADERSHIP STYLE

➢ 🩶Is how a leader uses interpersonal influences to accomplish goals.

1. Autocratic

a. ✅Leader – focused
b. ✅Leader maintains strong control, makes the decisions and solves all problems.
c. ✅Leader dominates the group
d. ✅Leader commands rather than makes suggestions or seeks input

2. Democratic

a.✅Also called participative leadership
b.✅Based on the belief that every group members should have input into development of goals and problem solving
c.✅ Leader acts primarily as a facilitator and a resource person
d.✅Leader is concerned for each member of the group
e. ✅More participative and much less authoritarian than autocratic

3. Laissez – faire

a. ✅Leader assumes a passive, nondirective and inactive approach
b. ✅Leadership responsibilities are either assumed by the members of the group or completely relinquished
c. ✅All decision making is left to the group, with the leader giving little if any guidance, support or feedback.
d. ✅Behavior by the group may be permissible due to the leader’s lack of limit setting and stated expectations

4. Situational

a. ✅Utilizing a combination of styles based on current circumstances and events
b. ✅Leadership styles are assumed according to the needs of the group and tasks to be achieved.

Legit nle 2026 q bank ba hanap mo? Dito na mag order, click mo lang ang link

Checkout NLE 2026 PRACTICE TESTS LEGIT COPY ₱ 799 | Formerly nle 2025 red book 1200+ questions complete major subjects frequently asked questions

🩶COMMON BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS IN OB NURSING 100 items

1. How early can a mother and baby be discharged after a va**nal delivery?

- 24 hours (or earlier) to 48 hours

2. What is the focus of nursing care in the postpartum period?

- Strong patient education focus - assessing learning needs of new patient and providing information on self and infant care

3. What are the three parts of the first stage of labour?

Latent phase
Active phase
Transition phase

4. What occurs during the latent phase, and how many centimetres dilated?

Starts when contractions become regular and painful and cervical effacement and dilation commence - to 3 cm

5. What occurs during the active phase of labour, and how many centres dilated?

Labour is well established with contractions becoming more painful and more frequent and longer - 4 to 7 cm

6. What occurs during the transition phase of labour, and how many centimetres dilated?

From 8 to 10 cm, the contractions may take on a more expulsive nature, bearing down feeling.

7. What occurs during the second stage of labour? (what characterizes this stage)

Commences with full dilation of the cervix and ends with the birth of the baby.

8. What happens physically during the second stage of labour?

During this stage the fetal head descends under the p***c arch and gradually thins and stretches the va**nal opening.

9. How frequent are contractions during the second stage of labour?

every 2-3 minutes (usually)

10. How long does the second stage of labour typically last? (for multips? primips?)

Primips - can last up to 50 mins to 3 hours (usually 60 min)
Multip - can be less than 20 mins

11. What occurs during the third stage of labour? (what characterizes this stage)

Commences with the birth of the baby and lasts until the placenta and membranes are delivered.

12..What facilitates the separation of the placenta from the uterus?

The separation of the placenta is facilitated by uterine contractions.
Once the infant is born, the uterus contracts and retracts which causes the placenta to pull away from the wall of the uterus.

13. How long does the third stage of labour last?

Usually occurs within 20-30 minutes

14. What is the fourth stage of labour? What characterizes it?

It is defined as one to four hours after birth, although two hours is the commonly accepted time.

15. What occurs during the fourth stage of labour?

It is the time for physiologic adjustment and stabilization for the mother... it also includes the newborn's adjustment to extrauterine life.

16. What are the characteristics of postpartum?

Lasts up to 6 weeks after birth.
Physical and psychological adjustments to a pre-pregnant state.

17..What occurs physiologically to the uterus immediately postpartum?

Uterus the size of a grapefruit, 5 cm below the umbilicus.
The walls clamp and the vessels compress.

18..What occurs physiologically to the uterus 6 to 12 hours postpartum?

The uterus is at the umbilicus

19. How fast is the usual descent of the uterus after birth?

- The usual descent of the uterus is 1 cm/day

20. What are some variations/problems that can occur in the uterus after birth? (I.e. ways the uterus might feel "wrong")

If the uterus is boggy and high
If the uterus is firm and deviated to the side

21. What does a boggy and high uterus cause?

Causes increased bleeding and clot formation.

22. What does it mean if the uterus is firm and deviated to the side?

May be a full bladder

23. What is the weight decrease in the uterus?

The uterus decreases in weight from 1000gms to 50gms

24. What causes the size of the uterus to decrease?

The size decreases due to the decrease in cell size.

25. How long does the myometrium take to heal?

The myometrium takes about 3 weeks to heal

26. How long does the placenta site take to heal?

6-7 weeks

27.What are some factors affecting involution?

Prolong labour
GA
Excessive analgesia
Difficult birth
Grand multip
Over distention of the uterus
Full bladder
Retention of products of conception
Infection

28. What action should be taken by the postpartum nurse if the patient experiences a gush of blood?

Assess fundus and flow/pad
Vital signs
Episiotomy/tear (rule out source of blood)
More frequent assessments

29.What teaching should you give the postpartum mother regarding postpartum bleeding?

Massage of uterus
Empty bladder q2h
Benefits of breast feeding

30. What are the three types of lochia?

Rubra
Serosa
Alba

31. What is rubra? When does it occur?

Bright red lochia 1st day - 2-3 days postpartum- dark red

32. What is serosa? When does it occur?

Pinkish lochia - 3-10 days postpartum

33. What is alba? When does it occur?

Creamy/yellowish lochia - 10-24 days postpartum

34.What are abnormal findings related to lochia?

Foul smelling, excessive, return to rubra from serosa/alba

35. What are some normal deviations that can occur in lochia?

Increase flow with breasteeding, multiparity, exertion, and in AM

36.What are some nursing interventions if concerned about excessive lochia?

Determine source
Assess fundus, flow, episiotomy/tear site, bladder, output, BP & P
Place a new pad on and observe in 1 hour
Continue to assess VS
Weigh pads if necessary
Give oxytocin IM/IV if boggy uterus (as ordered)
Start IV, call Dr.
Catheterize PRN

37. What changes occur to the cervix and va**na that require postpartum teaching?

Bruised and edematous, possible lacerations

38. What should be taught to the patient regarding decreased va**nal tone?
Teach Kegal exercises

39. What teaching should be done about dysparunia (painful in*******se)?

Teach the use of H2O soluble gel

40. What should be assessed in the perineum?

Intact, tear, or episiotomy?
Assess for REEDA (redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge and approximation)
pain
Assess knowledge of how to care for site

41. What does REEDA stand for? (Perineal assessment)

Redness
Edema
Ecchymosis
Discharge
Approximation (of suture lines)

42. What teaching should be done post-partum on how to care for the perineum?

Application of ice pad and/or tea bag pads
Peri bottle usage
Inspection and wiping clean to dirty
KegEl exercises
Sitz bath

43. When does a non-breastfeeding mother return to menstruation?

After 6 weeks or 6-12 weeks

44. When does a breastfeeding mother return to menstruation?

Can be as early as 12 weeks and as delayed as 3 years (or as long as she breast feeds for)

45. When does a non-breasfeeding mother return to ovulation?

70-75 days

46. When does a breastfeeding mother return to ovulation?
- 6 months

47. What teaching should be done regarding sexual activity post-partum?

After lochia serosa
Decreased pain
Alternative positions
Use of lubricant
Contraception

48. What are some reasons for a delay in bowel movements after labour?
Decreased food in labour
BM in labour and delivery
Fear related to tear/episiotomy
Progesterone
Presence of hemorrhoids

49. What are some nursing interventions for delayed BM after labour?

Stool softener
Diet high in roughage and fluids
Hemorrhoid care

50. What causes changes in the urinary system after birth?

Increased bladder capacity
Swelling
Bruising and pain
Decreased sensation

51. What are some nursing interventions for changes in the urinary system postpartum?

Assess amount, frequency, and characteristics
Teaching

52. What teaching should be done regarding genitourinary changes postpartum?

Need to empty bladder Q2h
Signs and symptoms of bladder infection

53. What are the common changes in temperature for the mother during the postpartum period, and why?

First 24 hours - up to 38 degrees Celsius because of overexertion and dehydration.
Elevated temp day 3-4 due to lactogenesis

54. What could cause the mother to have an elevated temp MORE THAN 24 hours postpartum (besides lactogenesis)?

Infection

55. What changes in blood pressure typically occur in the mother during the postpartum period?

Transient increase in BP - normal in a few days.

56. In what cases would a woman not experience a transient increase in BP during the postpartum period?

Pregnancy Induced Hypertension
Postpartum Hemorrhage

57. What changes in pulse does the mother typically experience postpartum, and when?

Bradycardia for 6 to 10 days is normal

58. What circumstances could possibly cause tachycardia in the mother during the postpartum period?

Blood loss
Infection
Fear
Pain

59. What changes can occur to the mother's blood in the postpartum period?

Leukocytosis
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit decrease
Platelets decrease
Fibrinolytic levels (risk for thromboembolism)

60. What is the benefit of leukocytosis in the mother during the postpartum period?

Increased defense against infection
Increased healing process

61. When do leukocyte levels return to normal after delivery?

return to normal by end of first week

62At what Hgb level is the mother considered anemic?

Hgb below 120 considered anemic

63. Why is it best to assess the hemoglobin level after day 2?

Due to hemodilution

64. Why does the level of platelets decrease in the mother during the postpartum period?

Falls due to placenta separation

65. When does the platelet level return to normal in the mother during the postpartum period?

Increases by 3rd to 4th day

66. Why is there an increased risk for thromboembolism in the first 6 weeks after birth?

Increased diameter of deep veins

67. What factors are associated with risk of thromboembolic disease during the postpartum period?

Pelvic or abdominal surgery
History/family history of this disease
Obesity (BMI>30)
Age > 35
Operative delivery - forceps
Varicose veins
Prolonged immobility
Multiparity
Active infection or inflammation

68. What are some pains a woman can experience in the postpartum period?

Perineal pain
Afterpains (in the uterus)

69. What are the causes of perineal pain in the postpartum period?

Birth/tear/episiotomy

70. What causes uterine afterpains during the postpartum period? (pains in the uterus)

Due to decreased tone of uterus and alternating contractions and relaxing of the uterus.
- increased in oxytocin administration
- increased with breast feeding
- increased in pultips or with distended uterus (large baby, twins, hydraminous)

71. How long do severe afterpains normally last during the postpartum period?

Severe up to 2-3 days

72..What kind of analgesia/anesthesia is most commonly used during a caesarean birth? (2 types)

Most women will have had either spinal or epidural anesthesia during their C section

73. What are the effects of a spinal or epidural used for C-section (general effects)

Restriction on sensation and motor function

74. What are some common feelings experienced by women who have had a C-section?

May feel angry, disappointed, or feel that they have failed.

75.How should the nurse interact with a patient who has had a C-section and is experiencing anger, disappointment or feelings of failure?

Allow time for the woman to ask questions, express their feelings and seek clarity.
Reinforce that va**nal birth is possible after a C-section

76. What teaching should be done for a woman who has had a C-section?

Teach about wound infection - redness, swelling, discharge, increasing pain

77. What are the three phases of Rubin's 1961 Theory (psychosocial dimension)?

Taking in phase
Taking hold phase
Letting go phase

78. What occurs during the Taking in phase according to Rubin's 1961 theory (psychosocial dimension)? When does this occur after birth?

First 1 to 2 days.
Mother is somewhat dependent and preoccupied with her own needs, needs to talk about labour and delivery, food and sleep a major focus.

79. What occurs during the Taking hold phase according to Rubin's 1961 theory (psychosocial dimension)? When does this occur after birth?

Around 2nd or 3rd day, mother becomes concerned with the care of her baby and is ready to learn, becomes more independent.

80. What occurs during the Letting go phase according to Rubin's 1961 theory (psychosocial dimension)?

Mother defines her new role and gives up her old role, requires some grief work and readjustment of relationships.

81. What are postpartum blues, and when do they occur?

Transient blues, not a problem its normal
Appears within the first few days postpartum and resolves within 10-14 days

82. How many women experience postpartum blues?

Experienced by 50 to 80% of postpartum women
80% among primi

83. What are the signs/symptoms of postpartum blues?

Mood swings
Anger
Teary
Anorexia
Difficulty sleeping
Let-down feeling

84. What are the causes of postpartum blues?

Changing hormonal and psychological adjustment
Insecurity
Unsupportive environment
Fatigue
Discomfort
Overstimulation

85. What are some nursing interventions for postpartum blues?

Assess
Teach when to ask for assistance

86. What is postpartum depression? How is it different than postpartum blues?

More serious than the blues - with intense and pervasive sadness and severe mood swings.
Priority is SAFETY

87. How common is postpartum depression, and when does it occur?

10-15% of women experience postpartum depression, during the first year after the birth

88. Why should family be included in teaching about signs and symptoms of postpartum depression?

Many women go to great lengths to conceal their postpartum depression from family and friends - if family is included in teaching, they know what signs and symptoms to watch for

89. What is postpartum psychosis, and how common is it?

Includes auditory or visual hallucinations, paranoia, delirium, and impulsive thoughts and actions.
It is rare with 0.1-0.2% of women affected.

90. Why is it important to include the father in the birth and postpartum process?

While our care is focus on assessing and promoting maternal well-being, the family centered care model also encourages us to focus on the family unit.
Some men feel excluded at times and struggle to find their place.
Compare themselves to a sportsman sitting on the substitute bench.

91. What are some important teaching topics for newborn care?

Importance of skin to skin
Newborn feeding - breastfeeding and bottle feeding
Behaviours - sleep wake state
Infant crying - including shaken baby syndrome
Safe sleep environment

92. What are some important teaching topics for maternal care?

Normal physiological changes
Newborn feeding - breast, ni**le care, engorgement, expression
Rest and activity
Post partum blues and depression
Smoke free environment
Self care
Increased pain, increased bleeding, fever
Aware of public health nurse contact/role

93. WHEN TO room in mother and baby after delivery
30 mins after delivery for NSD

94. How frequent should be the vital be asseSsed after delivery
- q15 for the 1st 1 hour

95. How long should the nurse assessed the VS Of the Post partum mother?
First 2-4 hours

96. Most dangerous stage of labor ?
4th stage of

97. Placenta disposal
- Follow accdng to hospital protocol

98. First action for postpartum bleeding
Massage uterus or fundus

99. Position for postpartum bleeding?
modified trendeleburg or trendeleburg

100. Perineal laceration degree allowed for nurses and midwives to repair
- 1st and 2nd degree only

Repost

Ctto NARS BJHAY Nursing Review Videos and Notes


🩶PSYCHIATRIC DRUGS🩶

1. Psychiatric drugs are preferably given after meal except minor tranquilizers (anxiolytics).

2. Haloperidol is commonly given for psychotic patients.

3. Extrapyramidal Syndrome (EPS) is commonly caused by Haloperidol.

4. Cogentin and Benadryl are drugs usually administered to decrease symptoms of EPS.

5. Clozaril causes Agranulocytosis and Leukopenia.

6. Diazepam (va**um) is commonly prescribed for individuals with anxiety disorder.

7. Sedation is a common effect of diazepam (va**um) thus, safety should be prioritized.

8. Paxil and Zoloft are antidepressants under the category of Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s) that can cause Sexual Dysfunction.

9. Tofranil and Elavil are commonly prescribed for depressed clients under the category of Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA’s).

10. Hypotension and Urinary retention are anticholinergic side effects of TCA’s.

11. MAOI’s (Parnate, Nardil, Marplan) should not be given along with Tyramine rich foods e.g. Avocado, Banana, Cheese (except cream and cottage), and Soy sauce (hint: usually processed and fermented foods contain tyramine).

12. Sedation is an expected effect of antidepressants.

13. Energizing the patient to commit su***de is a paradoxical effect of antidepressants therefore suicidal precaution should be instituted.

14. Levodopa is the drug of choice for patients with Parkinson’s disease.

15. Drowsiness and hypotension are side effects of L-dopa.

16. Dilantin is usually administered for patients with grand mal seizure (tonic-clonic).

17. Gingival hyperplasia is associated with Dilantin use. Meticulous oral care is required.

18. Tapering the drug is strongly required if an anticonvulsant is withdrawn to avoid status epilepticus (this is due to abrupt withdrawal of the drug).

19. Diazepam (va**um) is commonly administered to combat status epilepticus.

20. Bone marrow depression and Steven-Johnson’s Syndrome (severe pruritus and blood-shot eyes) are worst effects of anticonvulsants.

21. Lithium carbonate is the drug of choice for manic patients.

22. Tegretol could also be given for bipolar manic client due to its mood stabilizing effect.

23. 3gms of Sodium and 3L of fluids per day are recommended for patients under lithium therapy.

24. Nausea and Vomiting are early signs of lithium toxicity.

25. Mannitol and Diamox are antidotes used to lower the toxicity (lithium).

26. Cognex and Aricept are drugs used to treat Dementia. These drugs increases liver enzymes, therefore liver function test is required (ALT/AST).

27. Ritalin and Dexedrine are drugs commonly prescribed for children with ADHD. Insomnia and Anorexia are side effects of these drugs. Growth suppression is the worst effect.

🫁IMPORTANT DRUG OF CHOICE 🧠
RN ,🔜

Ctto Shalelah Sambolawan
💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉💉

1. Paracetamol poisoning- :- - acetylcysteine
2. acute bronchial- asthma :- salbutamol
3. acute gout :- NSAIDS
4. acute hyperkalemia:- calcium gluconate
5. severe DIGITALIS toxicity :-DIGIBIND
6. acute migraine :- sumatriptan
7. cheese reaction :- phentolamine
8. atropine poisoning :- physostigmine
9. cyanide poisoning :- amyl nitrite
10. benzodiazepine poisoning:- flumazenil
11. cholera :- tetracycline
12. KALA-AZAR :- lipozomal amphotericin- B
13. iron poisoning :- desferrioxamine­
14. MRSA :- vancomycin
15. VRSA :- LINEZOLID
16. warfarin overdose :- vitamin-K (NIPER- 2009)
17. OCD :- fluoxetine
18. alcohol poisoning :- fomepizole
19. epilepsy in pregnency :- phenobarbitone
20. anaphylactic shock :- Adrenaline
21. MRSA Infection-Vancomycin
22. Malaria in Pregnancy-Chloroquine
23. Whooping Cough or Perteusis- Erythromycin
24. Kawasaki disease-IV Ig
25. Warferin Overdose-Vit-K
26. Heparin Overdose-Protamine
27. Hairy Cell Leukemia-Cladirabine
28. Multiple Myeloma- Melphalan
29. CML-Imatinib
30. Wegner's granulomatosis-Cyclophosphamide
31. HOCM- Propranolol
32. Delirium Tremens-Diazepam
33. Drug Induced Parkinsonism-Benzhexol
34. Diacumarol Poisoning-Vit-K
35. Type-1 Lepra Reaction-Steroids
36. Type- 2 Lepra Reaction-Thalidomide
37. Allergic Contect Dermatitis-Steroids
38. PSVT- 1st-Adenosine, 2nd-Verapamil, 3rd-Digoxin
39. Z-E Syndrome- Proton Pump Inhibitor
40. Chancroid-Cotrimoxazole
41. Dermatitis Herpetiformis-Dapsone
42. Spastic Type of Cerebral Palsy-Diazepam
43. Herpis Simplex Keratitis-Trifluridine
44. Herpes Simplex Orolabialis-Pancyclovir
45. Neonatal Herpes Simplex-Acyclovir
46. Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia-Cotrimoxazole For Nodulo
47. 47. Cystic Acne-Retinoic acid
48. Trigeminal Neuralgia-Carbamezapine
49. Actinomycosis-Penicillin
50. Plague- Streptomycin
51. Opioid Withdrawal- Methadone 2nd-Clonidine
52. Alcohol Withdrawal- Chlordiazepoxide 2nd-Diazepam
53. Post Herpetic Neuralgia- Fluphenazine
54. WEST Syndrome-ACTH
55. Diabetic Diarrhoea- Clonidine
56. Lithium Induced Neuropathy-AmilorideCommunicable Disease:
57. Tetanus: PEN G Na; TETRACYCLINE; (DIAZEPAM
58. Diphteria: PEN G K; ERYTHROMYCIN
59. Pertusis: ERYTHROMYCIN; AMPICILLIN
60. Meningitis: MANNITOL (osmotic diuretic);DEXAMETHASONE (anti-inflammatory); DILANTIN/PHENYTOIN (anti-convulsive); PYRETINOL/ENCEPHABO L (CNS stimulant)
61. Cholera: TETRACYCLINE
62. Amoebic Dysentery: METRONIDAZOLE
63. Shigellosis: CO-TRIMOXAZOLE
64. Typhoid: CHORAMPHENICOL
65. Rabies: LYSSAVAC, VERORAB
66. Immunoglobulins: ERIG or HRIg
67. Malaria: CHLOROQUINE
68. Schistosomiasis: PRAZIQUANTEL
69. Felariasis: DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE CITRATE
70. Scabies: EURAX/ CROTAMITON
71. Chicken pox: ACYCLOVIR/ZOVIRAX
72. Leptospirosis: PENICILLIN; TETRACYCLINE;ERYTHROMYCIN
73. Leprosy: DAPSONE, RIFAMPICIN
74. Anthrax: PENICILLIN
75. Tuberculosis: R.I.P.E.S.
76. Pneumonia: COTRIMOXAZOLE; ProcainePenicillin
77. Helminths: MEBENDAZOLE; PYRANTELPAMOATE
78. Meningitis: MANNITOL (dec. ICP) ;DEXAMETHASONE ( relieve cerebral edema) ;DIAZEPAM ( anticonvulsant); PENICILLIN
79. Syphilis: PENICILLIN
80. Gonorrhea: PENICILLIN

2026 PNLE TAKERS!!


NLE / SPLE EXAM TIPS AND STRATEGIES.

👉To pass nursing exams, master key strategies like careful reading for keywords ("first," "best," "requires intervention"), using the Process of Elimination, prioritizing patient safety (ABCs, Maslow), and rephrasing questions to find the core issue.

👉Develop a strong study plan with practice questions, avoid cramming, manage stress with breaks, and always choose client-focused, research-based answers, trusting your clinical judgment over emotion.

🩷Before the Exam (Study & Prep)

1.Create a Study Plan:

2.Organize topics, use flashcards/cram sheets, and identify tough concepts to quiz yourself on daily.

3.Practice Questions: Do tons of practice questions, treating them like mini-tests.

4.Form Study Groups: Work with peers for motivation and different perspectives.

5.Know Your Style: Understand how you learn best (visual, auditory, etc.).

6.Manage Stress: Get rest, eat well, and plan to arrive early.

🩷During the Exam (Answering Questions)

1.Read Carefully: Don't skim; look for keywords like "most," "best," "initial," "requires intervention," "always," "never".

2.Rephrase the Question: Ask yourself, "What is this question really asking?".

3.Use the Process of Elimination: Cross out clearly wrong answers.

4.Prioritize: Use ABCs (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) and Maslow's Hierarchy for patient care questions.

5.Focus on Safety: Choose answers that protect the patient from harm.

6.Watch for Absolutes: Terms like "always" or "never" are often incorrect.

7.SATA (Select All That Apply): Treat each option as a true/false statement.

8.Trust Your Gut (Mostly): Don't change your answer unless you're sure you misread the question; your first instinct is often right.

9.Stay Client-Focused: Answer as a nurse, not based on personal feelings or what feels "nice".

# #🩷Final Tips
1.Don't Leave Blanks (If No Penalty): Make an educated guess.

2.Stay Focused: Concentrate on one question at a time.

3.Don't Study at the Test: Relax, listen to music, or pray while waiting.

2.org

BULLETS IN PALMER NURSING
ctto


🩷Manager – officially appointed, have people to WORK for them.

🩷Leader – may or may not have official appointment, have people to FOLLOW them.

🩷LEWIN'S LEADERSHIP STYLE

▪︎Autocratic – ONLY the leader decides.
▪︎Democratic – leader consults his TEAM in decision-making.
▪︎Laissez‐faire – "no hands" the leader has a little or NO INVOLVEMENT in decision making

🫰most effective leadership style???— Democratic

🩷5 M's of management — manpower, machine, materials, method, money.
Fishbone diagram – cause-and-effect tool, helps figure out the reasons for defects/problems.

Span of control – the area of activity and number of functions, people, or things for which an individual or organization is responsible.

Phenomenological research – focused on lived experiences (eg. A study about challenges of being a nursing student)

Case study – in-depth examination and analysis of a person or group.

Ethnographical – study the meanings, patterns and experiments of a defined cultural group.

Deductive – specific to general
Inductive – general to specific

Qualitative – uses inductive reasoning
Quantitative – deductive reasoning

Qualitative – more on words and meanings
Quantitative – more on numbers and statistics.

Cross-sectional research design – data is collected at just ONE point in time.

Longitudinal designs – collected at TWO or more points in time.

🩶3 major principles in research
▪︎beneficence – "being good"
▪︎respect to human dignity
▪︎justice – "fairness"

▪︎mean – most reliable and stable study of statistic.
▪︎median – divides the distribution at 50th percentile.
▪︎mode – number the occurs more frequently.

▪︎Range – distance between the highest and lowest scores.
▪︎Standard deviation – measures the spread of scores.
▪︎Variance – avg. distance of scores on an interval or ratio scale from the mean in squared units.

T-test – commonly used statistical method user to examine the statiscal difference between 2 means.

Chi-square – descriptive measure of discrepancy values between observed frequency and expected frequency.

ANOVA – an inferential statistics method, used to compare the means of 2 or more groups of population.

Beneficence - being "good" ( eg. kindness, charity, mercy)
Non-maleficence-- preventing harm (eg. raising the side rails)
Justice-- what is right and equal (eg. being fair)
Autonomy - self decision, (eg. freedom to choose)
Stewardship- care/duty (eg. valuing and respecting patients)

Veracity - honesty, telling truth (eg. witness)
Fidelity - loyalty
Reciprocity - "I give what you may give" (eg. working/studying abroad)..
Force majeure - "act of God" (eg. natural calamities, storm, earthquake)
Res ipsa loquitur - "the thing speaks for itself" (eg. negligence)
Respondeat superior - "let the master answer" (the superior/head is also accountable)..

Subpoena deuces tecum - documents
Subpoena ad testificandum - witness (person)

License
suspension - temporary removal
revocation - permanent removal

Quasi-judicial - investigation (eg. suspension & revocation)
Quasi-legislative - rules/regulation (eg. time and location of board exam)

testator- a person who has made a will
Will - permits a person (testator) to make decisions on how his estate will be managed and distributed after his death
Consent - agreement/permission

BON Chairman: Elsie A. Tee
PRC Chairman: Teofilo S. Pilando
DOH Secretary: Francisco Duque III

tip: kahit yung apelyedo lang ang tandaan mo.

ESSENTIAL LAWS

RA 7305 - Magna Carta for Public Health Workers
RA 7875 - National Health insurance Act
RA 9173 - Nursing Law
RA 8976 - Food Fortification Law
RA 7600 - Breast feeding Act
RA 1054 - Health Occupational Act
RA 10912 - CPD law
RA 11332 - Mandatory Reporting of Notifiable Diseases
RA 7432 - Senior Citizen Act
EO 51 - Milk Code
EO 209 - Family Code
PD 603 - Child & Youth Welfare Code
PD 442 - New Labor Code
Parties to case:
complainant vs defendant – CIVIL case
plaintiff vs accused – CRIMINAL case