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Lecture in

SPECIALIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION 2 WITH INTERROGATION AND INTERVIEW
by:

DEAN WENNIE ANN A CALE

- DEAN, Criminology Department (PhD Crim, MS Crim, BS Crim, ETEEAP Program) Metro Manila College
Novaliches, Quezon City
- Post Doctorate Degree in Strategic Management & Leadership - PCU
- Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology – PCCr
- Doctor in Public Administration (PUP, Sta. Mesa)
- Master of Science in Criminology (Taguig City University)
- Master of Public Administration ( PUP, Sta. Mesa)
- Bachelor of Science in Criminology (University of La Salette)
- Diploma in Teaching Program (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela)
- Bachelor in Office Administration (PUP, Sta. Mesa)
- Faculty, Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr)
- Faculty, Graduate Studies (Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa)
- Regular Guest Lecturer (Regional Special Training Unit / Philippine National Training Institute)
- National Review Lecturer, CLE

THANK YOU SO MUCH MAAM

We are very grateful that you are part of TATAK SPG TEAM since it started.
❤️❤️❤️

Lecture in

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

by

PSSg. ALAN LAD A. SANTOS

- TOP 5, Criminology Licensure Examination, March 2012, (89.7 %)
- Master in Criminal Justice (c), PCCr
- BS Criminology, ICCT College
- No. 1, Final Order of Merit, 90.7% PSBRC
- Certificate of Recognition for having the highest rating, 91.5%, Comprehensive Examination, PSBRC
- Academic Proficiency Awardee, Highest Rating Over-all, with a score of 90.34%
- Civil Service Eligible
- National Lecturer for CLE.

THANK YOU SO MUCH SIR ALAN FOR the ALWAYS BEING PART OF TATAK SPG TEAM.
👊👊👊

Lecture in

SPECIALIZED INVESTIGATION WITH LEGAL MEDICINE

by

PROF. RODRIGO "THIRDY" ROSALIA III

Sir, eto daw pala po updated cv ni sir thirdy.

Rodrigo A. Rosalia III
(𝗦𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗱𝘆)

- National Criminology Review Lecturer
- Registered Criminologist (RCrim.) (JUNE 2017)
- Licensed Professional Teacher (LPT) (OCT 2022)
- TOP 2 - Certified Security Professional (CSP) CL-602
- CSC - Penology Officer Examination Passer (JUNE 2024)
- PNPA Cadet Admission Exam Passer (2012 & 2014)
- College & University Criminology Instructor
- Criminology Review Director & Coordinator

Thank you so much Sir for always being part of TATAK SPG TEAM

👊👊👊

Lecture in

DRUG EDUCATION AND VICE CONTROL

by:

DEAN ROMEO GERNALE JR.

- Dean, Immaculate Concepcion Institution, Bulacan
- Faculty, TCU Graduate Studies
- Lecturer, Philippine Public Safety College
- Lecturer, Philippine Investigation and Forensic Academy
- Instructor III, National Support Unit Training Center
- Review Director, Three Link Review and Training Center
- National Review Lecturer for Criminology Licensure Examination

Thank you so much Dean.
We really appreciate you being part of TATAK SPG TEAM.
👊👊👊
🦅🦅🦅

Lecture in

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATION AND PLANNING WITH CRIME MAPPING

by

PROF. MARVIN QUISIDO, RCrim

- Registered Criminologist
- MSCJ, Taguig City university
- Faculty, Cavite State University-Bacoor Campus
- Top 20, Region IV BLEC

We are happy that you are part of TATAK SPG Team Sir Marvin

Lecture in

LEADERSHIP, DECISION MAKING, MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

by

PROF. MICHAEL JOHN SULLANO RCrim

- BS Crimininology, Cavite Sate University (Bacoor Branch)
- Criminology Faculty, Cavite Sate University (Bacoor Branch)
- MSCJ (c) , Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
- Criminology Review Lecturer
- Top 11 CLE 2021, Region IV

THANK YOU for being part of TATAK SPG TEAM.
👊👊👊

Lecture in

CHARACTER FORMATION, PATRIOTISM AND NATIONALISM

by

PROF. MICHAEL JOHN SULLANO RCrim

- BS Crimininology, Cavite Sate University (Bacoor Branch)
- Criminology Faculty, Cavite Sate University (Bacoor Branch)
- MSCJ (c) , Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
- Criminology Review Lecturer
- Top 11 CLE 2021, Region IV

THANK YOU for being part of TATAK SPG TEAM.
👊👊👊

ITANONG MO KAY ATTY. SPG

"ATTORNEY ANO PO BA ANG PREVAILING RULES ABOUT SA PAG WARNING SHOTS. ALLOWED PO BA YUN"

Here is my humble explanation.

"HINDI AT OO PO..DEPENDE SA SITWASYON"

Warning shots by law enforcement officers are generally prohibited under current Philippine law and police operational procedures. Both statutory law and recent Supreme Court jurisprudence emphasize that warning shots are not allowed during police operations, except in extremely limited and clearly defined circumstances.

Governing Law
• Republic Act No. 11926 (2022) criminalizes the wilful and indiscriminate discharge of fi****ms, imposing higher penalties for law enforcement officers not acting in the performance of official duties. The law does not provide any exception for warning shots and mandates administrative and criminal liability for violations. Specifically, it states:

"(b) Any person who shall wilfully and indiscriminately discharge any firearm or other device that may not have been designed as firearm, but can be functionally used as a firearm, shall suffer the penalty of arresto mayor in its maximum period, unless the facts of the case can be held to constitute any other offense for which a higher penalty is prescribed. ...

(c) If the person who commits the offense provided in this Article is a member of the military and military auxiliary agencies, or law enforcement agencies, authorized to bear fi****ms and such discharge is not in the performance of official duties, the penalty one degree higher than that prescribed above shall be imposed and the offender may be held administratively liable." — Republic Act No. 11926 (2022)

• DOJ Department Circular No. 063 (2017) reiterates a "zero indiscriminate firing policy" for all DOJ officials and attached agencies, with administrative and criminal sanctions for violations. This policy is consistent with the legislative intent of RA 11926 and applies to law enforcement personnel under the DOJ.

"Those found guilty of indiscriminate firing shall be dealt with administratively without prejudice to the filing of appropriate criminal charges." — DEPARTMENT CIRCULAR NO. 063 (2017)

Jurisprudential Standards
• Espiña v. Gicole (2023): The Supreme Court held that the Revised PNP Operational Procedures explicitly prohibit police officers from firing warning shots. The Court emphasized that a verbal warning is required before any use of force, and the use of warning shots is not permitted except in cases of imminent threat where no other option exists. The Court found that firing a warning shot instead of issuing a verbal warning constituted grave misconduct and conduct unbecoming of a police officer.

"The CA elaborated that Espiña failed to comply with the established rules as prescribed in the Revised PNP Operational Procedures... which prohibit police officers from firing a warning shot, and direct police officers to use peaceful means to warn or influence offenders to peacefully give up." — Espiña v. Gicole (2023) "Not only was the gradation of force outlined in the PNP Operational Procedures not followed, Espiña also violated an express prohibition in the same rule, stating that 'police shall not use warning shots during police intervention operations.'" — Espiña v. Gicole (2023)

• People v. Pereda, et al. (2025): The Supreme Court reaffirmed that the use of warning shots is generally prohibited, with a narrow exception: only when the police officer is outnumbered and overpowered, and his/her life and limb is in imminent danger. Even then, the use of a firearm must be justified by actual, imminent, and real peril.

"The police shall not use warning shots during police operation except when the police officer is outnumbered and overpowered, and his/her life and limb is in imminent danger." — People v. Pereda, et al. (2025)

Therefore...

General rule:
Warning shots are prohibited during police operations/intervention.

This comes from the PNP Operational Procedures as quoted and applied by the Supreme Court: “police shall not use warning shots during police intervention operations,” and a verbal warning is the default prerequisite before force is used. In Espiña, the Court treated the firing of a warning shot (instead of first issuing a verbal warning) as a clear procedural violation and part of the basis for Grave Misconduct and Conduct Unbecoming. See Espiña v. Gicole (2023) and Espiña v. Gicole (2023).

Exception:
A warning shot may be allowed only in the narrow situation stated in the Revised PNP Operational Procedures (2021): “except when the police officer is outnumbered and overpowered, and his/her life and limb is in imminent danger.” This was expressly quoted by the Court in a 2025 decision. See People v. Pereda, et al. (2025).

Imminent danger means a threat of death or serious injury that is immediate and about to happen, not speculative, not merely possible, and not based on past hostility alone.

Is it based on the officer’s belief?
- Not on belief alone. The officer’s perception matters, but it must be anchored on objective facts showing a real, actual, and immediate peril.

Practical indicators (what courts typically look for)
“Imminent danger” is more likely found when there are observable facts like:

• the suspect aiming/pointing a firearm or deadly weapon,
• a sudden forward attack within striking distance,
• credible, immediate acts showing intent and capacity to inflict harm right then.

Absent such facts, firing—especially a warning shot—risks being treated as an unjustified discharge and can trigger criminal exposure under the amended “Discharge of Firearms” provision

Disclaimer: Hindi po ito connected sa nangyari g gulo sa Senate Building. Ito po ay general scenario na ang tinutukoy ay Law Enforcement Officer at hindi po Office of the Sergeant-at-arms ng senate.

Lamang ang may alam sa batas
😊

- ATTY. SPG

Lecture in

INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPTS

by

PROF. RODRIGO "THIRDY" ROSALIA III

Sir, eto daw pala po updated cv ni sir thirdy.

Rodrigo A. Rosalia III
(𝗦𝗲𝗿 𝗧𝗵𝗶𝗿𝗱𝘆)

- National Criminology Review Lecturer
- Registered Criminologist (RCrim.) (JUNE 2017)
- Licensed Professional Teacher (LPT) (OCT 2022)
- TOP 2 - Certified Security Professional (CSP) CL-602
- CSC - Penology Officer Examination Passer (JUNE 2024)
- PNPA Cadet Admission Exam Passer (2012 & 2014)
- College & University Criminology Instructor
- Criminology Review Director & Coordinator

Thank you so much Sir for always being part of TATAK SPG TEAM

👊👊👊