The End of Spanish Rule and The First Philippine Republic

The End of Spanish Rule and The First Philippine Republic Group 4 — Filipino 1A

Sergio Osmeña (born Sept. 9, 1878, Cebu City, Phil. died Oct. 19, 1961, Manila) was a Filipino statesman, founder of the...
08/03/2026

Sergio Osmeña (born Sept. 9, 1878, Cebu City, Phil. died Oct. 19, 1961, Manila) was a Filipino statesman, founder of the Nationalist Party (Partido Nacionalista) and president of the Philippines fronm 1944 to 1946.

• Became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold once

• First Visayan to become president

• Joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of Philippine freedom over Japanese occupation

• Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated and the country joined the International Monet

Osmeña received a law degree from the University of Santo Tomás, Manila, in 1903. He was also editor of a Spanish newspaper, El Nuevo Dia, in Cebu City. In 1904 the U.S. colonial administration He appointed as a governor of the province of Cebu and fiscal (district attomey) for the provinces of Cebu and Negros Oriental. Two years later he was elected governor of Cebu. • In 1907 he was elected delegate to the Philippine National Assembly and founded the Nationalist Party. which came to dominate Philippine political life.

Osmeña remained leader of the Nationalists until 1921, when he was succeeded by Manuel Quezon, who had joined him in a coalition. Made speaker of the House of Representatives in 1916, he served until his election to the Senate in 1923. In 1933 he went to Washington, D.C., to secure passage of the Hare-Hawes-Cutting independence bill, but Quezon differed with Osmeña over the bill's provision to retain U.S. military bases after independence. The bill, vetoed by the Philippine Assembly, was superseded by the Tydings-McDuffie Act of March 1934, making the Philippines a commonwealth with a large measure of independence. The following year Osmeña became vice president, with Quezon as president. He remained vice president during the Japanese occupation, when the government was in exile in Washington, D.C. On the death of Quezon in August 1944, Osmeña became president. He served as president until the elections of April 1946, when he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines.

Contribute by: Arine Mercado

Manuel L. Quezon was born on August 19, 1878, in Baler, Philippines, and died on August 1, 1944, in Saranac Lake, New Yo...
08/03/2026

Manuel L. Quezon was born on August 19, 1878, in Baler, Philippines, and died on August 1, 1944, in Saranac Lake, New York, U.S. He was a Filipino statesman and an important leader of the Philippine independence movement. He later became the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth, which was established under U.S. rule in 1935.

Quezon was the son of a schoolteacher and a small landholder of Tagalog descent from the island of Luzon. He studied law at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, but in 1899 he stopped his studies to join the struggle for Philippine independence. After the surrender of Emilio Aguinaldo in 1901, Quezon returned to the university, completed his law degree in 1903, and practiced law for a few years.

• Joined the struggle against the United States.
• The movement was led by Emilio Aguinaldo.
• After Aguinaldo surrendered in 1901, Quezon returned to school.
• Earned his law degree in 1903 and practiced law.
• Ran for Governor of Tayabas Province in 1905.
• Served as governor for two years.
• In 1907, he was elected representative to the Philippine Assembly.
• In 1909, Quezon became Resident Commissioner to the U.S.
• Represented the Philippines in the U.S. House of Representatives.
• Worked hard for Philippine independence.
• Helped achieve the passage of the Jones Act of 1916.
• The act promised future independence for the Philippines.
• It also created a bicameral national legislature.
• Returned to Manila and was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1916.
• Served as Senate President until 1935.
• Gained control of the Nacionalista Party in 1922.
• Helped pass the Tydings–McDuffie Act.
• The act promised full independence after 10 years.
• It also created the Philippine Commonwealth Government.
• Elected President of the Commonwealth on September 17, 1935.
• Worked on improving military defense with Douglas MacArthur.
• Addressed problems of landless farmers.
• Promoted development in Mindanao.
• Built a new national capital called Quezon City.
• Fought corruption in government.
• Remembered as a key leader in the fight for Philippine independence.

Manuel L. Quezon was reelected as president in 1941. When Japan invaded and occupied the Philippines in 1942 during World War II, he went to the United States and formed a government in exile. While there, he served as a member of the Pacific War Council and supported the Allied nations against the fascist powers. He also wrote his autobiography titled The Good Fight in 1946. Quezon later died of tuberculosis before the Philippines finally gained full independence.

Second Philippine Republic
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‎On October 14, 1943, the Second Philippine Republic was inaugurated in a ceremony held in front of the Legislative Building (now National Museum of Fine Arts) in Manila. On this occasion, Jose P. Laurel was sworn in as President after his election by the National Assembly. The republic was supported by Japan in fulfillment of the desire of the Filipinos to be free and independent, preempting the US-scheduled Philippine Republic by 1946. It was part of the plan of Japan to "free" Asia from Western domination. The country, however, remained under Japanese control but Laurel did his earnest best to outsmart the system to prevent any destruction and loss of lives (even supporting the guerrilla movement).
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‎ When the Japanese Imperial Army controlled the Philippines in 1942, Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo promised independence to the Filipinos. The Japanese established the Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, popularly known as KALIBAPI as the sole legal political organization and formed the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence (PCPI) and drafted a Philippine constitution. KALIBAPI elected among its members those who would form the National Assembly. They elected Benigno Aquino, Sr. as its Speaker and Jose P. Laurel as President of the Philippines. The inauguration of the Second Philippine Republic was attended by several officials of the Japanese government. One highlight of the event was the raising of the Philippine flag led by Emilio Aguinaldo and Artemio Ricarte, two renowned figures of the Philippine Revolution and war against the U.S. One must understand that in the imagination of the living revolutionaries at the time, the Japanese were allies of the Philippine independence who clandestinely supported the Katipunan and eventually the war of the First Philippine Republic against the U.S.
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‎When the American forces returned to the Philippines, the Japanese forcibly relocated Laurel and his government to Baguio and eventually to Japan. On October 23, 1944, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, in his capacity as military commander of the restored Commonwealth Government, nullified all the acts of the PCPI and the Second Republic. Laurel proclaimed the dissolution of the Second Republic on August 17, 1945, two days after Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces. On a landmark decision by the Supreme Court promulgated exactly a month later, it reiterated the nullification of the acts of the Second Republic but recognized its existence as the de facto government of the Philippines. This led to the recognition of the validity of selected judicial and administrative acts by the Second Republic, mostly those which were non-political in nature. Laurel was also recognized in the official roster of Philippine presidents.
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Contribute by: Jaycel Poblete & Mark Angelo Leynes

General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 - April 1, 1001).The president of the first Philippine Republic 1899. He star...
08/03/2026

General Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 - April 1, 1001).

The president of the first Philippine Republic 1899. He started as a member of the Magdalo Chapter of the Katipunan in Cavite, then was elected president of the revolutionary government of the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897, and, later, Biak-na-Bato Republic. He proclaimed Philippine independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898. His capture foreshadowed the end of large scale arm resistance to American rule.
• First (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolos Republic).
Signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spain and Philippine revolutionaries.
• Known as the President of the Revolutionary Government.
• Led the Philippines in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-Philippine War.
• Youngest president, taking once at age 28.
• Longest Lived president, passing away at 94.

Tidings-Mcduffie Act, (1934), The U.S. statue that provided for Philippine independence, to take effect on July 4, 1946, after a 10-year transitional period of the Commonwealth government. The bill was signed by the U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24, 1934, and was sent to the Philippine senate for approval. Although that body had previously rejected the similar Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, it approved the Tidings-Mcduffie Act on May 1.

Following the terms of the independence act, Filipinos elected delegates for a constitutional convention on July 10, and Roosevelt approved the Philippine Constitution on March 23, 1935. The Commonwealth government, under the presidency of Manuel Quezon, was inaugurated in November of that year. For the next 10 years, the Philippine remain U.S. territory. Foreign affairs, defense, and monetary matters remain under U.S. jurisdiction, but all the other internal matters were in the hands of the Philippine people. During the Commonwealth period, duties were to be imposed on a graduated scale, but the trade provisions were subsequently amended in 1939 in favor of the Philippines.

Contribute by: Bea Lyn Combalicer

Introduction There had been numerous quasi religious uprising in the Philippines during the more than 300 years of colon...
08/03/2026

Introduction

There had been numerous quasi religious uprising in the Philippines during the more than 300 years of colonial rule but the late 19th century writings of Jose Rizal and others help stimulate a more broad-based movement for Philippine independence. Spain was unwilling to reform its colonial government and armed rebellion broke out in 1896.

The first Philippine Republic or the malolos Republic was a nascent revolutionary government in the Philippines. it was formally established with the proclamation of the malolos Constitution on January 21,1899, in malolos Bulacan and endure until the capture of President Emilio aguinaldo by the American forces on March 23 1901 in palanan Isabela

The first Republic was establish after the Philippine revolution against the Spanish empire 1896 to 1897 and the Spanish American war between Spain and the United States 1898.
Philippine declaration of independence on June 12 1898 and establish a revolutionary Philippine government.

In December 1898 sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States in the 1898 treaty of Paris.

Contribute by: Roan Manlogon

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