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15 # Religion in Society
Religion is important to society because it helps to regulate behavior. Religion teaches people specific rules, laws and morals to follow.

Religion also benefits society by teaching people the art of self-sufficiency and ideas that being charitable is important. Since cooperation is important in society, religion enforces that by teaching people to be less selfish and to help fellow community members when they are in need. Religion also gives people something to believe in, which can make them happier and more comfortable. It provides believers with a meaning for life and helps them work towards being a productive, moral person.

Sources:
preservearticles.com wikipedia.org

Questions:
1. What is the main idea of this text?
2. Define religion.
3. Does religion play a role in a society?
4. Summarize the passage in two sentence.
5. Why is religion important to society?

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In ancient times, the modern country of Iran was known as Persia.Zoroastrianism, became the foundation for the organization of major religions, including Islam, Christianity and Judaism.Zarathustra, better known as Zoroaster (the Greek version of his name), was a prophet from Persia. He believed that he had visions of a god whom he called Ahura Mazda.
Ahura Mazda, according to the prophet, was the creator of all things good. He was the true god who should be worshiped. Zoroasterism focused on dualistic belief: the good and evil or heaven and hell. Zoroaster believed that the universe was constantly under the conflict between good and evil.
Zoroastrianism isn't completely monotheistic because it recognizes more than one god. Zoroaster taught that each person had the freedom to choose good or evil in the choices he or she makes. For example, choosing to tell the truth rather than to tell a lie indicates a person has chosen good over evil.
Also within his religion, Zoroaster taught the existence of angels, demons and saviors, ideas that can also be found in Christianity, Judaism and Islam. Zoroastrians use the Avesta as their sacred text. The Avesta contains hymns, rituals and spells against demons.
1. What is the main idea of this text?
2. Who is the founder of Zoroastrianism?
3.Zoroaster believed that the universe was constantly under the conflict between good and evil. From this sentence, what inference can you draw?
4. Summarize the passage in three simple sentence.
5.How would you diffentiate Zoroasterism from Christianity and Islam?

13 # valentines
There's Valentine's Day here in Japan too. But not quite the same. In Japan, it's the GIRLS who give the boys chocolate on Feb. 14th. And not just to someone they like. There is a uniquely Japanese characteristic of giving "Giri-Choko" -- giving chocolate to the men one would rather see skydiving without a parachute -- the boss, namely. "Giri" means obligation, but in Japan it has a deep sense of long-term committment.
Since gift-giving is a common custom in Japan, many confectionary companies also try to push their own manufactured celebration, "White Day" on March 14th, where it's the boys turn to give the girls something. This attempt has been at best a limited success.
Questions
1. What does this paragraphs tell us?
2. Based on the selection, what is the unique characteristic of Japanese Valentine's celebration?
3.What holiday or festival is observed in theext?
4. Summarize thus selection in one sentence.
5. Why is give and take practiced by the Shintoists/Japanese?

12
Shinto means the way of the gods. Shintoism is an Ancient religion of Japan. It started at least as long ago as 1000 B.C.E. but is still practiced today by at least five million people. The followers of Shintoism believe that spiritual powers exist in the natural world. They believe that "spirits" called kami live in natural places such as in animals, plants, stones, mountains, rivers, people and even the dead
Shinto places of worship are called shrines and are usually found in beautiful natural settings. The shrine contains an Inner Hall which is only entered by Shinto priests since it is believed kami are present. Shinto priests can be either male or female. Purity is important to Shinto followers and therefore they rinse their mouths and wash their hands and hang up wooden tablets with prayers on them before entering the prayer hall. Once inside, the kami is summoned with a bell and offered rice or money. After which the worshiper bows twice and claps twice to welcome the kami then bows again.
Shinto shrines are marked by a special archway called a torii. This archway is believed to separate the sacred world of the shrine from the world outside. There are about 80,000 shrines all over Japan. Each shrine has a yearly festival in which people pay their respects to the kami and celebrate with food and drink.
Worship also happens in homes and at work through simple offerings of rice and tea and prayers. The rice and tea is placed on a special shelf called a "godshelf" . Prayers are often addressed to the family ancestors.
Questions
1. Wha is the author's point of view?
2. Shinto places of worship are called.....
3. Shinto priests can be either male or female. From this sentence, what inference can you draw?
4. Summarize the text in two sentence.
5.What is your conclusion about Shintoism's way of practicing rituals?

/daoism
Toism is acceptance of your life.
Taoism is following your breath to find peace.
Taoism is opening up a smile to enable possibility.
If you embrace these three ideas, everything else follows in Taoism. Some people do start here. Others take a longer more colorful path. That’s fine also, since you get to experience more color in your life. No wrong path exists at the end, since it’s about experiencing life.

1. What is the passage about?
2. Define Taoism based on the passage.
3. Based on the first three sentence. What inference can you draw about Taoist's principles?
4. Paraphrase the above passage.
5. What conclusion can you draw about Taoists way of living life?

Women were at the bottom of the Confucian hierarchy. Exemplary behavior and uncomplaining obedience was expected of them. By custom, aristocratic men and women lived separately. Men had multiple wives and concubines, but women were not allowed to see men other than their close relatives, husbands, or masters, or the palace eunuchs.in the ideal Confucian home -- a microcosm of the state -- women were expected to demonstrate obedience before all other virtues, and at every stage of life. As children, girls were required to obey their fathers; as wives, women were required to obey their husbands; and as widows, women were required to obey their grown-up sons. At no point in her life was a woman, according to the traditional Confucian view, expected to function as an autonomous being free of male control. It was because of social values such as this that 20th century social reformers in China and elsewhere condemned Confucianism so vigorously. :
1.What is the main idea?
2. Among the roles of women mentioned, mention at least three.
3. Women were at the bottom of the confusion hierarchy. From this what inference can you draw?
4. Summarize the passage in one sentence.
5. What conclusion can you draw about Confucianism as religion?

#9 Buddha's belief in God
The Buddha did not believe in a god is because there does not seem to be any evidence to support this idea. There are numerous religions, all claiming that they alone have god's words preserved in their holy book, that they alone understand god's nature, that their god exists and that the gods of other religions do not. Some claim that god is masculine, some that she is feminine and others that it is neuter. They are all satisfied that there is ample evidence to prove the existence of their god but they laugh in disbelief at the evidence other religions use to prove the existence of another god. It is not surprising that with so many different religions spending so many centuries trying to prove the existence of their gods that still no real, concrete, substantial or irrefutable evidence has been found. Buddhists suspend judgement until such evidence is forthcoming.
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1.What is the main idea of this paragraph?
2. Based on this paragraph, what are other religion's claim about existence of God?
3. Do buddhists believe in God?
4. Summarize the paragraph in one sentence.
5. Buddha did not believe in God. How did the Buddha believe/conclude it?

#8 GUATAMA
Buddhism is a very mindful religion, and is often considered a philosophy as well as a faith. Buddhism was founded when Siddhartha Gautama gave up his materialistic possessions to pursue a life of understanding. He became a monk, and worked to achieve mental enlightenment. When he claimed to have found this enlightenment, Gautama became known as the Buddha. The Buddha began to traverse India and teach others about his newfound clarity. Buddhists often reflect on these teachings using prayer aids, like beads and chants.
Questions:
1. What is the main idea of this paragraph?
2. Who was the founder of Buddhism?
3. Siddhartha Gautama gave up his materialistic possessions to pursue a life of understanding.From this sentence what inference you can draw about Guatama's attitude?
4. summarize this passage in one sentence.
5. How does Guatama become Buddha?

BUDDHIST BELIEF IN CREATION

Buddhists believe that human energies and nature are interdependent and have constantly been flowing together forever. Buddhist teachings claim that there is no absolute truth when it comes to the beginning of the world. They believe the universe and its inhabitants are infinite and that world systems continually appear and disappear within the universal structure.
Buddhists do not believe in a single god. They believe there is no evidence to support a solitary being ruling over the vast universe. They believe in a collective humanity in which every person has the ability to become a Buddha, meaning a perfected human being.
Buddhists believe in reincarnation and the law of karma. The law of karma states that good behavior and intentions produces positive results, while negative behavior and intentions ultimately lead to a negative outcome. Buddhists believe that the soul is on a continual journey towards various levels of enlightenment. They refer to the afterlife as "the between," a place where souls exist after death and before rebirth.

Sources: budsas.org buddhanet.net
QUESTIONS:
1. What is the main idea of this text?
2. Based on this text, what is Karma?
3. How do the Buddhists believe the world was created?
4. Summarize the text in 2 sentences.
5. Buddhists do not believe in a single god. From this what conclusion can you draw?

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