11/05/2025
1. The Teaching Profession
Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers
Uphold integrity, moral values, and professional behavior.
Focus on teacher’s responsibility to learners, community, and profession.
Legal Bases of Education (Philippines)
RA 7836 (Philippine Teachers Professionalization Act)
RA 4670 (Magna Carta for Public School Teachers)
RA 9155 (Governance of Basic Education Act)
RA 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 or K to 12 Law)
Professional Development
Lifelong learning, continuing professional education (CPD).
Importance of reflection, research-based practices, and collaboration.
2. Learner Development and Theories
Major Learning Theories
Behaviorism (Skinner, Thorndike): Focus on observable behavior, reinforcement, and punishment.
Cognitivism (Piaget, Bruner): Emphasis on mental processes, schema, discovery learning.
Constructivism (Vygotsky, Dewey): Learners actively construct knowledge through social interaction and experiences.
Social Learning Theory (Bandura): Modeling, observational learning, self-efficacy.
Developmental Theories
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt, etc.
Kohlberg’s Moral Development: Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional.
Individual Differences
Multiple Intelligences (Gardner).
Learning Styles (Visual, Auditory, Kinesthetic).
Inclusive Education (SPED, mainstreaming, differentiation).
3. Principles of Teaching and Learning
Principle of Readiness: Learning is best when the learner is mentally and physically prepared.
Principle of Motivation: Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation, relevance of lessons, real-life application.
Principle of Active Involvement: Students learn better when actively participating.
Principle of Reinforcement: Positive and negative reinforcement, immediate feedback.
Principle of Individual Differences: Differentiated instruction to address varied needs and abilities.
4. Curriculum Development
Curriculum Foundations: Philosophical, psychological, sociological bases.
Curriculum Approaches
Subject-Centered: Organized around subjects/disciplines.
Learner-Centered: Focus on individual learner’s interests, needs, experiences.
Problem-Centered: Real-life problems as the core of curriculum design.
Curriculum Planning and Implementation
K to 12 Curriculum Framework: Spiral progression, contextualization, Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE).
Hidden Curriculum: Unintended lessons, values, perspectives.
Curriculum Evaluation
Ongoing process to assess effectiveness, relevance, and alignment with goals.
5. Instructional Strategies and Methods
Direct Instruction: Teacher-centered, systematic approach (lecture, demonstration).
Indirect Instruction: Learner-centered, inquiry-based, discovery learning.
Experiential Learning: Hands-on activities, field trips, simulations.
Collaborative/Cooperative Learning: Group activities, think-pair-share, jigsaw.
Differentiated Instruction: Adjusting content, process, product based on student readiness, interest, learning profile.
Lesson Planning
Clear objectives (SMART: Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-bound).
Appropriate materials, varied activities, alignment with curriculum standards.
6. Assessment and Evaluation of Learning
Types of Assessment
Formative: Ongoing checks for understanding (quizzes, recitations, seatwork).
Summative: End-of-unit or end-of-term evaluation (exams, final projects).
Diagnostic: Pre-assessment to identify prior knowledge, misconceptions.
Performance-Based: Authentic tasks, portfolios, rubrics.
Principles of High-Quality Assessment
Validity, reliability, fairness, practicality.
Alignment with instructional objectives.
Grading Systems
Norm-referenced vs. criterion-referenced.
Rubric design and application.
7. Educational Technology
Role of Technology in Education
Enhancing engagement, providing interactive learning experiences.
Integrating multimedia, digital tools, and online resources.
21st Century Skills
Collaboration, communication, critical thinking, creativity, digital literacy.
Use of learning management systems (LMS), virtual classrooms, blended learning.
ICT Integration
Selecting appropriate technology for specific learning objectives.
Ethical and responsible use of technology (digital citizenship).
8. Classroom Management and Learning Environment
Strategies for Effective Management
Clear routines and procedures, positive discipline, proactive measures.
Consistency, fairness, and respect in dealing with student behavior.
Creating a Positive Environment
Safe, inclusive, and motivating classroom climate.
Physical arrangement conducive to learning (seating, lighting, accessibility).
Handling Diverse Learners
Inclusion of students with special needs (SPED accommodations).
Cultural sensitivity, gender sensitivity.
9. Social Dimensions of Education
Philosophical Foundations
Progressivism, Essentialism, Perennialism, Existentialism, Social Reconstructionism.
Socio-Cultural Factors Affecting Education
Poverty, language, family background, media influence.
Community Involvement
School-community linkages, stakeholders, parental engagement.
