Korean Learning self study with 선생님 제시

‼How to say that you "CAN" or CAN'T" do something‼

➡ Sentence structure you can use to say that you "can" do something is

- (으)ㄹ수있다
[- (eu)l su it-da ]

Ex.

보다 - to see ➡보 + ㄹ 수있다
= 볼 수있다 (can see)

먹다 - to eat ➡ 먹 + 을 수 있다
= 먹 을 수있다 (can eat)

Verb stem ending in a vowel [ -ㄹ 수 있다 ]

Verb stem ending in a consonant[ -ㄹ 수 있다 ]

➡ The difference is whether you have the extra 으 or not in front of -ㄹ 수 있다, for the case of pronunciation.

➡ In -(으)ㄹ 수 있다, the word 수 literally means an "idea" or "way" for solving a problem or for getting something done, so -(으) ㄹ 수 있다 literally means "to have a way or an idea for do-ing" something.

➡ Therefore, when you do NOT have "a way or an idea" for doing something, it means you can NOT do it, and in korean it becomes -(으) ㄹ 수 없다 using 없다 the opposite word of 있다 the opposite word of 있다.

Ex.

자다 - to sleep
➡ 자 + -ㄹ 수 없다
= 잘 주 없다 [ can not sleep ]
= 잘 수 있다 [ can sleep ]

잡다 - to catch
➡ 잡 + 을 주 없다
= 잡 을 주 없다 [ can not catch ]
= 잡 을 수 있다 [ can catch ]

➡ another way to say -(으)ㄹ 수 없다 is using the word 못 before a verb.

-(으)ㄹ 수 없다 is the basic way to express "can not" but it is not always used in spoken korean a more common way to say "can not" or "to be unable to" in spoken korean is adding 못 before a verb.

➡ 갈 수겂다 = 못가다
[ verb : 가다 ] can not go

➡ 볼 수없다 = 모보다
[ verb : 보다 ] can not see

➡ 먹 을 수없다 = 못 먹다
[ verb : 먹다 ] can not eat

➡ 할 수 없다 =못하다
[ verb : 하다 ] can not do

Sample Sentence :

➡ 운전 할 수 있어요?
Can you drive?
(lit"can you do driving?)

➡ 일볼어 할 수 있어요?
Can you speak japanese?
(lit."can you do japanese?)

➡ 이거 읽을 수 있어요
Can you read this?

➡ 못 읽어요 (mot it-geo-yo)
I can't read it.

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‼ How do you say "all of the book" or "the entire book" if the word 다 only modifies verbs‼

- You can use other words like 전체 or 전부 "the entire book" is 책 전체 or 책 전부 or 책 전부 , but this might not sound very natural when not used in proper context.

So in most cases, its better to use 다.

➡Let's look at how 다 is used.

Ex.
➡ 다 주세요.
Please give me more.

➡ 다 있어요.
There is more.

➡ 더 사고 싶어요.
I want to buy more

➡ 뭐가 더 촣아요.
Which is better.

- its same explanation for 다 applies to the word 다 as well when modifying verbs. Althought It looks like 다 is used as noun here but in fact.

Ex.
➡ 더 사고 싶어요.
I want to do the "buying action" "more".

➡ 10분 기다려 주세요.
(sipbun gi-da-ryeo juseyo)
Please wait for ten minutes.

➡ 10분 더 기다려 주세요.
Please wait for ten more minutes.

- English, you say "ten more minutes" korean, you literally say, "do the action of waiting for ten minutes + more".

Sample sentences:
➡ 전화 다 했어요.
- Did you finish talking on the phone?
- Did you make all the phone calls?
- Did everyone make a phone call?

➡ 준 비 다 해어요.
- I finished the preparation.
- I did all the preparation.
- All of us are prepared.

➡ 더 보여 주세요.
- Show me more.
- Show me more of it.

➡ 더 공부하고 싶으면,TTMIK에 오세요.
- If you want to do more studying,come to TTMIK.

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How to say "All" in korea

➡ we are introduce how to say "all" in korea.

🖇다 [da] = all, entirely,whole
🖇더 [deo] = more

📌English speakers will use adjective and nouns.
📌Korean speakers use adverb and
Verbs.

📎Let's look at how 다 is used.

Ex.
🖇 다 주세요.
➡ Give me all of it.

🖇다 했어요.
➡ I've done all of it.

🖇 다 왔어요?
➡ Are we there yet?
[ lit. Did we all come?/Did we come to all of it?]
= Did everybody come?

🖇 다 살 거여요?
= Are you going to buy all of it?

📌 In some of the example above it looks as the word 다 is working as a NOUN in past, it has a stronger influence on the verbs, so you can actually think of 다 as an ADVERB.

EX.
🖇 커피를 마시다
➡ to drink coffee

🖇 커피를 다 마시다
➡ to drink all the coffee

📌Take note : 마시다 - drink

➡ second sentence above, the ENGLISH word "ALL" was used to describe "the coffee" but in KOREAN, the word 다 was used to describe the action of "drinking" ( 마시다 ).

Another example...

🖇책을 읽다
[ chae-geul il-ida ]
➡ to read a book

🖇 칙을 다 읽다.
➡ to read all of the book.
➡ to finish reading the book.

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How to say "NO" in korean

No - Andwae (rejection)
No- Ani / Aniyo (using as a response to a question.)

the word "Jima" is to make a word negative.

Ha+jima =Hajima (don't do it)
Ka+jima = kajima (don't go)
ul+jima = uljima (don't cry)

"Andui" is more suitable to expressing reject . "Aniyo" means "wrong" in most situation.

Next Lesson;

📌 Conjugation rules

I. Informal form ➡ Polite form (present tense)

First of all, take 다 off adjective and then:

1. For adjective whose final character has no final consonant, add ㅂ 니다.

E.g.

🖋 크다 ➡ 큽니다 = big/large
🖋 세다 ➡ 셉니다 = strong
🖋 따 뜻하다 ➡ 따 뜻합니다
= warm (tough, feeling)

2. For adjective whose final character has a final consonant, attach 습니다.

e.g.

🖋 작다 ➡ 작습니다 = small (size)
🖋 많다 ➡ 많습니다 = Many

II. Informal ➡ polite (past tense)

Take 다 off the past tense of adjective and then attach 습니다.

e.g.

🖋 컸다 ➡ 컸습니다 = was big/large
🖋 작았다 ➡ 작았습니다 = was small (size)

🖋 어려웠다 ➡ 어려웠습니다
= was difficult

III. Informal ➡ polite (Spoken)

Attach 요 at the end of the adjective of all forms.

E.g.

🖋 높아 ➡ 높아요 = high
🖋 안높아 ➡ 안높아요 = not high

🖋 커 ➡ 커요 = big/ large
🖋 안커 ➡ 안커요 = not big/large
🖋 컸어 ➡ 컸어요 = was big/large
🖋 안컸어 ➡ 안컸어요 = was not big/large

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~ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ~

[ am / is / are + verb-ing ]

- to conjugated korean verbs into PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE , you drop the 다 ending add - 고있어요.

EX:
📎 먹다 + 고있어요 ➡ 먹고있어요
[ is eating ]

📎보다 + 고있어요 ➡ 먹고있어요
[ is seeing ]

📎하다 + 고있어요 ➡ 하고있어요
[ is doing ]

📎 사랑하다 + 고있어요
➡ 사랑 하고있어요 [ is loving ]

📌 KOREAN PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE describes a thing that is happening right now.

📌KOREAN PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE is very similar to ENGLISH it use's "be" and a modified form of "verb".

📌To make PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE, combine "고 있다" after "하" in korean PRESENT TENSE.

EX :

➡ 하 + 고 + 있다
verb + modifier + be
= 하고있다
be + [verb] ing

📌 With 하다 verb
[ Do / Be + adjective ]

➡ Korean progressive tense uses post position "고" as a modifier of VERB.

➡Post position "고" makes a meaning and after a VERB.

Ex :
🖋 i'm talking to my friend.
➡ 저는 친구 랑이야기 하고 있어요.

📎 after a noun

🖋Jun is cooking
➡ 준은 요리하고 있어요.
📎 after a noun

🖋 I'm taking a break(rest)
➡ 저는 쉬고 있어요.
📎 after a noun

🖋 I'm watching a movie.
➡ 저는 영화보고 있어요.
📎 after a noun

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~ PAST TENSE ~

[ I was_ing ]

🖋 저는 밥을 먹 있었엉.
🖊 I was eating.

🖋 학 생들은 수업 시간 동안 자고 있었요.
🖊 The student were sleeping during class.

📌 동안 - has the meaning of "for" when placed after an indication of time [ 10년동안 ➡ for 10 years ]

~When placed after a noun, it has the meaning of "DURING"

[ 바학동안 ➡ During vacation ]
[ 수업 시간 동안 ➡ During class ]

🖋 저는 밥을 먹었어요.
➡ I ate.

🖋 학 생들은 잤어요.
➡ The students slept.

🖋 저는 배화 점에서 쇼핑 쟀어요.
➡ I shopped at the department store.

🖋 저는 백 화점에서 쇼핑고 있었어요.
➡ I was shopping at the department store.

🖋대학 생은 책상에서 공부를 했어요.
➡ The university student studied at this desk.

🖋 대학 생은 책상에서 고부를 하고 있었어요.
➡ The university student was studying at this desk.

~ FUTURE TENSE ~
📎 고 있다

🖋 나는 다음 주에시 힘공부를 하고 있을 거야.
➡ Nextweek, I will be studing for an exam.

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~ PRESENT PROGRESSIVE ~

📌 NOUNS:

원숭이 ➡ Monkey
교과목 ➡ Subject in school
교과서 ➡ Textbook
소문 ➡ Rumor
청구기 ➡ Charger
계사원 ➡ Cashier
계산기 ➡ Calculator
출장 ➡ Business trip
밥솥 ➡ Rice cooker
소설 ➡ Novel
배과사천 ➡ Encyclopedia
저공 ➡ Major (in university)
가위 ➡ Scissors
팀 ➡ Team
부모님 ➡ Parents
피부 ➡ Skin
군대 ➡ Army
군인 ➡ Soldier
지도 ➡ Map
잭상 ➡ Desk
어깨 ➡ Shoulder
대하생 ➡ University Student
가수 ➡ Singer
공기 ➡ Air
처구서 ➡ Bill
새벽 ➡ Dawn
부 ➡ Inside part
외부 ➡ Outside

📎Verbs :
[ Conjugate Play ]

🖋 자르다 - to cut
🖋 요청하다 - to ask, to request

📎 Adjectives :
[ Conjugate Play ]

🖋 잦다 - to be wet
🖋 궁금하다 - to be curious about
🖋 안타깝다 - to be unfortunate

📎 Adverbs and other words
🖋 주로 - manly, mostly
🖋 이쪽 - this direction
🖋 그쪽 - this direction
🖋 저쪽 - this direction

📌 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

🖇[ I am_ing ] : ~고 있다

- attaching 고 있다 to the VERB STEM
gives it the meaning of "I am_ing" ,
I am currently doing something. It is called the PRESENT PROGRISSIVE because the action is being done in the PRESENT and is currently PROGRESSIVE as time goes on.

~ This grammatical form is very common in korean. Simply attach ~고 있다 to a verb stem.

~ 있다 has many usages and meaning in korea. Sometimes 있다 is a VERB and ADJECTIVE.

~ When used as 고 있다 as described here, 있다 is a VERB.

EXAMPLE:

🖋나는 음악을 듣고 있다.
🖊I am listening to music.

🖋 저의 아버지는 자고 있다.
🖊 My father is sleeping.

🖋 여자들은 지금 영화를 보고 있다.
🖊 The girls are watching a movie now.

🖋 자는 사과를 자르고 있다.
🖊 I am cutting the apple.

🖋 저는 청구 서를 지금 고 있어요.
🖊 I am paying the bill now.

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❗FUTURE TENSE❗

📌 Future tense is EASY and is simply a matter of adding "겠다" to the stem of word. Unlike, the PAST and PRESENT TENSE CONJUGATIONS, there is no difference if the stem ends in a VOWEL or a CONSONANT.

EX.
📌나는 먹다
📎 I eat ➡ unconjugated

📌나는 먹겠다
📎I will eat ➡ conjugated

📌나는 거다
📎 I go ➡ unconjugated

📌 나는 가겠다
📎 I will go ➡ conjugated

📌 나는 배우다
📎 I learn ➡ unconjugated

📌 나는 배우겠다
📎 I will learn ➡ conjugated

~ Two verbs specifically that are often conjugated in the FUTURE TENSE without actually having a meaning in the FUTURE TENSES are

🖇 알다 - to know
🖇 모르다 - to not know

📌 I would be good to remember that the words 알다 and 모르다 are often conjugated to 알겠다 or 모르겠다.

Although they are conjugated to the FUTURE TENSE, these two words are typically used to express that someday KNOWS / DOESN´T KNOW something in the PRESENT TENSE.

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PART II

📎 배우다 - to learn

~ last VOWEL in the stem is ㅜ .
So, we add " 었다 " to the stem.

📌 오빠는 영어를 배우었다.

the stem ends in a VOWEL 었다 can merge with 우 .

ex.

🖋 오빠는 영어를 배웠다.
🖊 (My) older brother learned English.

🖇 vocabulary:
🖌 영어 - English
🖌 뺴웠다 - Learned

📎 던지다 - to throw
~ the last Vowel in the stem isㅣ.
we add 었다 to the stem.

📌 나는 공을 던지었다
the stem ends in a VOWEL, 었다 can merge with 지

🖋 나는 공을 던겼다
🖊 I threw the ball.

🖇 vocabulary:
🖌 공을 - ball
🖌 던겼다 - threw

📎 던지다 - throw ( UNCONJUGATED)
📎 던 겼다 - threw (conjugated)

another example..

📎 건너다 - to cross
~ last vowel in the stem isㅓ.
we add 었다 in the stem.

📌 나는 길을 건너었다
the stem ends in a vowel, 었다 can merge with 너.

🖋 나는 길을 건넜다
🖊 I crossed the street.

🖇 vocabulary:
🖌 길을 - street
🖌 건넜다 - crossed

📎 건너다 - cross (UNCONJUGATED)
📎 건넜다 - crossed (conjugated)

And now you turn plss answer this 👇👇👇

1, 만나다 - to meet
2, 공부하다 - to study

Goodluck!🤗

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Many people have asked me "HOW TO I MERGE" 아 / 어 complete VOWEL like " ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅔ, ect?

You will find that the stem of almost all VERBS and ADJECTIVE in korean do not end in these complex vowels.

The most common words I can think of that have stem that ends in one of these complex vowel are:

📎 바 래다 [ to fade ]

📎 매다 [ to tie up ]

📎 메다 [ to put on / carry something on one's shoulder ]

📌 the FINAL VOWEL does NOT END inㅏor ㅗ . So we need to add " 어 " plus whatever we are adding with these complex VOWELS, it is irrelevant. If you merge the addition to the stem.
Both forms [ merge and non-merge would be correct ]

Example :

📎 바래 + 었다 = 바랬다 or 바래었다

📎 매다 + 었다 = 맸다 or 매었다

📎 메다 + 었다 = 메다 or 메었다

📌 Here is a more detailed breakdown.

🖋 가다 (to go)

~ last VOWEL in the stem isㅏ.
We add 았다 to the stem.

🖊 나는 박물과 에 가았다 .

📎 but, because the verb stem ends in a VOWEL , 았다 can merge with 가.

Ex.

🖋 나는 박물관 에 갔다.
🖊 I went to the museum.

🖇 vocabulary :
🖌 박물관 - museum
🖌 갔다 - went

another example..

📎 오다 ( to come)
~ last VOWEL in the stem is ㅗ.
so, we add 았다 to the stem.

🖋 삼촌은 가게에 오았다

the ends stem in a VOWEL, 았다 can merge with 오.

🖋 삼촌은 가게에 왔다
🖊 (My) uncle came to the store.

🖇 vocabulary:
🖌 사촌 - uncle
🖌 가게 - store
🖌 왔다 - came [ conjugated ]

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📌continue PAST TENSE III

📎e.g ( UNCONJUGATED)

🖋나는 하국어를 공부하다
🖊 I study korean

📎vocabulary :
🖌 한국 - korean
🖌 공부하다 - study

📎 last SYLLABLE in the stem is "하"

~ Therefore, we add 였다 to the stem

🖋 나는 한국어를 고우하였다
🖊 I studied korean

📎vocabulary :
🖌 공부하였다 - studied

So, this is CONJUGATED

~ 공부하다 - 다 = 공부하

✅ 공부하 + 였다 - 공부하였다

📌 The " 았다 / 었다 " gets merged to the actual stem itself.

This is how 아 and 어 merge with SYLLABLES ending in a VOWEL :

📎 아 + 아 = 아
ex. 가 + 았다 = 갔다

📎 오 + 아 = 와
ex. 오 + 았다 = 오았다

📎 우 + 어 = 워
ex. 배우 + 었다 = 배웠다

📎 이 + 어 = 여
ex. 끼 + 었다 = 꼈다

📎 어 + 어 = 어
ex. 나서 + 었다 = 나섰다

📎 여 + 어 = 여
ex. 겨다 + 었다 = 겼다

📎 하 + 여 = 해
ex. 공부하다 + 였다 = 공부했다

📌 although 하 + 여 can be written as "하", there will be some situations
(usually official documents) where you will see " 하 여 " used instead of "하" .

This comes up a lot on street signs.

📌 Words where the last vowel is " ㅡ "

ex.잠그다 are complicated

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