14/12/2021
FEEDBACK
BIOETHICS
SESSION 3
ANSWER: D
Important part of human motivation comes from our values and what we need in certain situations.
ANSWER: B
Food falls under physiologic needs together with air, water, shelter, sleep, reproduction
ANSWER: A
Conventional stage is within 7-12 years old which is usually the age who respect rules and more of pleasing others.
ANSWER:C
Carol Gilligan argued Kohlberg’s research methods were flawed and gender biased that’s why she did a research to describe a separate value development pathway for females (personal responsibility) and (legalistic equality)
for males.
ANSWER: A
Pre conventional fall under ages 3-7 under Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning and one of their characteristics is egotism which means they are self-centered and they just want to satisfy their own desire, they also think that they are superior to others.
ANSWER: B
In Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs self-actualization is the highest point of development in the pyramid, followed by prestige and esteem needs going down to belongingness and love needs, safety needs and physiologic needs which is the most important.
ANSWER: B
Because Carol Gilligan believes that Kohlberg’s research for value development is gender biased. Gilligan describes a separate value development pathway in her research where she describes values for each s*x—“personal responsibility “for females and” legalistic equality” for males.
ANSWER: B
Abraham Maslow was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, culminating in self-actualization.
ANSWER: C
The foremost theorists of value development are Kohlberg and Piaget. According to their models individuals can be seen to grow through several stages of ever- increasing complex, value orientation from infant to adult.
ANSWER: D
Kohlberg’s orientation of stages:
Preconventional-3-7 years of age; Punishment/Obedience, Egotism
Conventional- 7-12 years of age; Respect rules, Please others
Postconventional- 12 and above; Social contract, Personal conscience
FEEDBACK
BIOETHICS
SESSION 4
ANSWER: B
Morris Massey is known for his phrase “who you are is where you were when” is his popular generational theory during 1970-1980, in this theory it holds that the historical time period in which an individual is born shapes the development of their world view.
ANSWER: A
Great Depression and World War 2 were trying times, when fiscal and personal survival required that all participate, all work together, and all do their duty. As a result, they are conservative and serious with an ethic of hard work and are comfortable with rules, order, and social structures.
ANSWER: D
Baby Boomers had declared themselves the brightest and best generation and as a result, the next generation, Generation X, was initially underrated by them and labeled by some the “slacker generation”.
ANSWER: A
Value Cohorts are construct from generational theory, which holds that generations occupy a 20-year span of time during which individuals in their youth are value programmed as a group by historical events.
ANSWER: B
Generation Z are known to be techno savvy multitaskers because they grew up with advanced technologies like computers, cellphones etc., they are master of multitasking; they can text, talk, read and eat at the same time which amazes previous generation. They have adopted and mastered advances in technology faster than any previous group. As a result of their techno savvy, some have suggested generation names such as iGeneration, Gen Tech, Net Gen and Digitarians.
ANSWER: B
Generation Z are known to be born from late 90’s to around 2025, they grew up with advanced technologies like computers, cellphones etc., they are master of multitasking; they can text, talk, read and eat at the same time which amazes previous generation.
ANSWER: C
Cusp is the point at which two parts of a curve meet. In generational theory, individuals who fall into the overlap between two generations are born in time between eras and are influenced by both eras.
ANSWER: D
Morris Massey is known for his popular generational theory during 1970-1980, in this theory it holds that the historical time period in which an individual is born shapes the development of their world view.
ANSWER: C
Millennials are defined by vents immediately following the cold war. They were born mid- 1980’s-2000. Some of their values and characteristics are Ethical consumption, Media overload, Confidence, Positive reinforcement, networkers etc.
ANSWER: B
Baby boomers are born during 1946-1960 following world war II.
FEEDBACK
BIOETHICS
SESSION 5
ANSWER: C
Nihilism is a philosophy that there are no moral truths, no moral rules, no moral knowledge or responsibilities. For those that hold this position, nothing can truly be wrong or right in moral sense. For a moral nihilist, morality, like religion, is a mere illusion.
ANSWER: B
Private law deals with the relationship between citizen to citizen or that is concerned with the definition, regulation and enforcement of rights in cases where both parties involved are private citizens.
ANSWER: A
All the above mention except letter A are included in Unethical Acts according to most culture together and to include torture and slavery.
ANSWER: C
Standpoint theory holds that in ethical decision making one should always try to take into account or listen to the standpoint of the most marginalized and vulnerable persons involved.
ANSWERT: B
Misdemeanor is a crime punishable by less than a year in a jail or house of correction. Examples of common misdemeanor are the theft of a small amount of money, disorderly conduct or breaking into an automobile. Felony is far more serious breach of law and is punishable by death or imprisonment in a state or federal penitentiary and these include kidnapping and r**e.
ANSWER: B
Public Law deals with relationships between private parties and the government; concerned with the state in its political or sovereign capacity. It consists of constitutional, administrative, criminal and international law while Private law consists of tort and contract law.
ANSWER: C
Sexism is a prejudice or discrimination based on a person’s s*x or gender but it primarily affects women and girls. It is linked to gender roles and may include the belief that in s*x or gender is intrinsically superior to another.
ANSWER: B
Slavery is a formed of human bo***ge; exhausting someone in labor.
ANSWER: B
Ethical relativism is the theory hold morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture. Whether action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society.
ANSWER: A
World view is a system of thoughts, feelings, opinions, and beliefs with which we screen events occurring around us. It is the subjective screen, based on our culture and life experiences, that we judge the rightness and wrongness of actions as they pertain to what a person should do in a given situation.
FEEDBACK
BIOETHICS
SESSION 6
1.ANSWER: C
Utilitarianism is the most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning, to a utilitarian good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain.
2.ANSWER: B
Kant based his moral philosophy on the crucial fact that we are rational beings, and a central feature of this rationality was that principles derived from reason are universal.
3. ANSWER: A
Utilitarianism is the most common form of consequence-oriented reasoning, to a utilitarian good resides in the promotion of happiness or the greatest net increase of pleasure over pain.
4. ANSWER: B
Duty oriented ethicists feel the basic rightness and wrongness of act depends on its intrinsic nature rather than on the situation or the consequences. This position is often called deontological theory, taken the Greek word for duty.
5. ANSWER: B
Rule utilitarianism seeks to avoid the hedonic calculus of act of utilitarianism in which each option must by measured by the principle of utility. Rule utilitarianism holds that action can be right if it conforms to a rule that has been previously validated by the principle of utility.
6. ANSWER: A
Categorical imperative is an action could be known to be right when ii was in accordance with rule that satisfied a principle and this is a part of duty oriented reasoning.
7. ANSWER: A
In the classic work of Kant “Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals” he held that consequences of action were essentially irrelevant.
8. ANSWER: C
Golden rule is not a part of categorical imperative; this is the famous rule that states “Don’t do unto others what others don’t want to do unto you.”
9. ANSWER: B
The above mention was the admonition of J.M Barrie and it is wise to follow this admonition when you are trying to come to mutual understanding regarding value agreements.
10. ANSWER: A
Bentham and Mill are considered the fathers of utilitarianism, which is the most common form of consequence oriented reasoning.
FEEDBACK
BIOETHICS
SESSION 7
1. ANSWER: C
Virtue ethics is primarily about personal character and moral habit development rather than a particular action.
2. ANSWER: A
One of the elements of a torte is the existence of a legal duty owing from defendant to plaintiff not from plaintiff
to defendant
3. ANSWER: D
4. ANSWER: A
Libel is known as written defamation, Harming others reputation
5. ANSWER: B
Respondeat superior means let the master answer. Liability assessment against employer for negligent act
committed by their employees during the course of their work.
6. ANSWER: D
All of the above mention are forms of intentional torts that have implication to health care setting, Libel and slander are part of the defamation of character, invasion of privacy, false imprisonment, assault and battery.
7. ANSWER: C
Negligence is charge when something just happens, when there is no intent, when the outcome is unexpected, but injury occurs.
8. ANSWER: A
One of the forms of negligence is malfeasance it’s the ex*****on of an unlawful or improper act. E.g. In healthcare, malfeasance occurs when people are injured or die because of poor treatment or negligent care. Also known as medical malpractice.
9. ANSWER: C
In divine theory a divine being sets down finite rule, example is the rules known as the Ten Commandments taken from Judeo- Christian traditions. It includes key moral prohibitions common to most culture, as well as some specific rules set down to exact adherence of a particular religion.
10. ANSWER: D
All of the traits mention above includes in Aristotle’s traits of virtuous character
