Geology 2070's

A magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck Japan 37 km (23 mi) east southeast of Namie, Fukushima Prefecture at local time 05:59 JST 22 November 2016 at a depth of 11.4 km (7.1 mi). The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very Strong) on the Mercalli

cause of Nepal Earthquake 2015 of magnitude 7.8 richter is due to the massive release of stress produced on the plate, where the indian plate is slowing diving under the eurasian plate producing increasing stress on this fault line.

Rock of Iceland

photo: Dr. David Zhang

Don't forget to watch today's episode of "Disaster and Development". 9.30 PM Avenews TV Dr. Ranjan Kumar Dahal sir is sharing his views, knowledges

Exact location of the epicenter, from National Seismological Center, Magnitude 5.9, Near to Namche (Log-Lat: 27.86, 86.55), Dolakha, Nepal

दोलखा-पदयात्राका लागि रोमाञ्चक र रमणीय क्षेत्र रोल्वालिङ उपत्यकाको नाम सुन्ने बितिकै सबैको मन लोभिन्छ। गौरीशंकर हिमश्रृङखलाको फेदी रोल्वालिङ उपत्यका प्राकृतिक रुपमा सुन्दर मानिन्छ। गौरीशंकर हिमालसँगै प्रसिद्ध च्छोरोल्पा हिमताल, हिमआरोहीहरुको गाउँ नाँ र वेदिङ यहाँका प्रख्यात हुन्। दायाँबाया देखिने सुन्दर टाकुरा र हिमालहरुले हरेकको मन लोभ्याउँछ। त्यस्तै सगरमाथाको बेस क्याम्प जाने रुट पनि यही हो। टासिलप्चा हिमाल पार गरेर सगरमाथाको बेस क्याम्प पुगिन्छ।

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यही क्रममा दोलखामा चलिरहेको ‘दोलखा महोत्सव’ले हेलिकप्टरमा च्छोरोल्पा घुम्न र हेर्न जाने माउण्टेन फ्लाइट पनि सञ्चालन गरेको थियो। मंगलबार र बुधबार जिल्लाका विभिन्न भागमा मात्र फ्लाइट गरेको हेलिकप्टरले बिहीबार बिहान ५ ओटा फ्लाइट च्छोरोल्पा पुर्‍याएको थियो। चरिकोटबाट उड्नेलाई १६ मिनेटमा गौरीशंकर आधारसिविर हुँदै च्छोरोल्पा पुर्‍याइएको थियो।


सबै तस्बिर: रमेश खतिवडा
- See more at: http://www.nagariknews.com/photo-feature/story/29323 .VbjzB4DM.dpuf

Nagarik News - गौरीशंकर र च्छोरोल्पा नजिकबाट दोलखा-पदयात्राका लागि रोमाञ्चक र रमणीय क्षेत्र रोल्वालिङ उपत्यकाको नाम सुन्ने बितिकै सबैको मन लोभिन्छ। गौरीशंकर हिमश्रृङखलाको फेदी रोल्वालिङ उपत्यका प...

photo of mustang by prakash poudel

team of researchers from Caltech and the China Earthquake Administration has discovered an ancient, deep canyon buried along the Yarlung Tsangpo River in south Tibet, north of the eastern end of the Himalayas. The geologists say that the ancient canyon--thousands of feet deep in places--effectively rules out a popular model used to explain how the massive and picturesque gorges of the Himalayas became so steep, so fast.
"I was extremely surprised when my colleagues, Jing Liu-Zeng and Dirk Scherler, showed me the evidence for this canyon in southern Tibet," says Jean-Philippe Avouac, the Earle C. Anthony Professor of Geology at Caltech. "When I first saw the data, I said, 'Wow!' It was amazing to see that the river once cut quite deeply into the Tibetan Plateau because it does not today. That was a big discovery, in my opinion."
Geologists like Avouac and his colleagues, who are interested in tectonics--the study of the earth's surface and the way it changes--can use tools such as GPS and seismology to study crustal deformation that is taking place today. But if they are interested in studying changes that occurred millions of years ago, such tools are not useful because the activity has already happened. In those cases, rivers become a main source of information because they leave behind geomorphic signatures that geologists can interrogate to learn about the way those rivers once interacted with the land--helping them to pin down when the land changed and by how much, for example.
"In tectonics, we are always trying to use rivers to say something about uplift," Avouac says. "In this case, we used a paleocanyon that was carved by a river. It's a nice example where by recovering the geometry of the bottom of the canyon, we were able to say how much the range has moved up and when it started moving."
The team reports its findings in the current issue of Science.
Last year, civil engineers from the China Earthquake Administration collected cores by drilling into the valley floor at five locations along the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Shortly after, former Caltech graduate student Jing Liu-Zeng, who now works for that administration, returned to Caltech as a visiting associate and shared the core data with Avouac and Dirk Scherler, then a postdoc in Avouac's group. Scherler had previously worked in the far western Himalayas, where the Indus River has cut deeply into the Tibetan Plateau, and immediately recognized that the new data suggested the presence of a paleocanyon.
Liu-Zeng and Scherler analyzed the core data and found that at several locations there were sedimentary conglomerates, rounded gravel and larger rocks cemented together, that are associated with flowing rivers, until a depth of 800 meters or so, at which point the record clearly indicated bedrock. This suggested that the river once carved deeply into the plateau.
To establish when the river switched from incising bedrock to depositing sediments, they measured two isotopes, beryllium-10 and aluminum-26, in the lowest sediment layer. The isotopes are produced when rocks and sediment are exposed to cosmic rays at the surface and decay at different rates once buried, and so allowed the geologists to determine that the paleocanyon started to fill with sediment about 2.5 million years ago.
The researchers' reconstruction of the former valley floor showed that the slope of the river once increased gradually from the Gangetic Plain to the Tibetan Plateau, with no sudden changes, or knickpoints. Today, the river, like most others in the area, has a steep knickpoint where it meets the Himalayas, at a place known as the Namche Barwa massif. There, the uplift of the mountains is extremely rapid (on the order of 1 centimeter per year, whereas in other areas 5 millimeters per year is more typical) and the river drops by 2 kilometers in elevation as it flows through the famous Tsangpo Gorge, known by some as the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon because it is so deep and long.
Combining the depth and age of the paleocanyon with the geometry of the valley, the geologists surmised that the river existed in this location prior to about 3 million years ago, but at that time, it was not affected by the Himalayas. However, as the Indian and Eurasian plates continued to collide and the mountain range pushed northward, it began impinging on the river. Suddenly, about 2.5 million years ago, a rapidly uplifting section of the mountain range got in the river's way, damming it, and the canyon subsequently filled with sediment.
"This is the time when the Namche Barwa massif started to rise, and the gorge developed," says Scherler, one of two lead authors on the paper and now at the GFZ German Research Center for Geosciences in Potsdam, Germany.
That picture of the river and the Tibetan Plateau, which involves the river incising deeply into the plateau millions of years ago, differs quite a bit from the typically accepted geologic vision. Typically, geologists believe that when rivers start to incise into a plateau, they eat at the edges, slowly making their way into the plateau over time. However, the rivers flowing across the Himalayas all have strong knickpoints and have not incised much at all into the Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, the thought has been that the rapid uplift of the Himalayas has pushed the rivers back, effectively pinning them, so that they have not been able to make their way into the plateau. But that explanation does not work with the newly discovered paleocanyon.
The team's new hypothesis also rules out a model that has been around for about 15 years, called tectonic aneurysm, which suggests that the rapid uplift seen at the Namche Barwa massif was triggered by intense river incision. In tectonic aneurysm, a river cuts down through the earth's crust so fast that it causes the crust to heat up, making a nearby mountain range weaker and facilitating uplift.
The model is popular among geologists, and indeed Avouac himself published a modeling paper in 1996 that showed the viability of the mechanism. "But now we have discovered that the river was able to cut into the plateau way before the uplift happened," Avouac says, "and this shows that the tectonic aneurysm model was actually not at work here. The rapid uplift is not a response to river incision."

New findings by a Johns Hopkins University-led team reveal long unknown details about carbon deep beneath Earth's surface and suggest ways this subterranean carbon might have influenced the history of life on the planet.
The team also developed a new, related theory about how diamonds form in Earth's mantle.
For decades scientists have had little understanding of how carbon behaved deep below Earth's surface even as they learned more and more about the element's vital role at the planet's crust. Using a model created by Johns Hopkins geochemist Dimitri Sverjensky, he, Vincenzo Stagno of the Carnegie Institution of Washington and Fang Huang, a Johns Hopkins graduate student, have become the first to calculate how much carbon and what types exist in fluids at 100 miles below Earth's surface at temperatures up to 2,100 degrees F.
In an article published this week in the journal Nature Geoscience, Sverjensky and his team demonstrate that in addition to the carbon dioxide and methane already documented deep in subduction zones, there exists a rich variety of organic carbon species that could spark the formation of diamonds and perhaps even become food for microbial life.
"It is a very exciting possibility that these deep fluids might transport building blocks for life into the shallow Earth," said Sverjensky, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. "This may be a key to the origin of life itself."
Sverjensky's theoretical model, called the Deep Earth Water model, allowed the team to determine the chemical makeup of fluids in Earth's mantle, expelled from descending tectonic plates. Some of the fluids, those in equilibrium with mantle peridotite minerals, contained the expected carbon dioxide and methane. But others, those in equilibrium with diamonds and eclogitic minerals, contained dissolved organic carbon species including a vinegar-like acetic acid.
These high concentrations of dissolved carbon species, previously unknown at great depth in Earth, suggest they are helping to ferry large amounts of carbon from the subduction zone into the overlying mantle wedge where they are likely to alter the mantle and affect the cycling of elements back into Earth's atmosphere.
The team also suggested that these mantle fluids with dissolved organic carbon species could be creating diamonds in a previously unknown way. Scientists have long believed diamond formation resulted through chemical reactions starting with either carbon dioxide or methane. The organic species offer a range of different starting materials, and an entirely new take on the creation of the gemstones.
The research is part of a 10-year global project to further understanding of carbon on Earth called the Deep Carbon Observatory. The work is funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.

Is someone is with ball in green ground when you close your eyes.. then you got

earthquake does not kill, people's ownmade structure kills them.

Many worlds interpretation can, however explain the apparent improbability of a planet like Earthexisting. If the Many worlds interpretation is true there are so many copies of our universe that the existence of at least one planet like Earth is not surprising.