Nabunomics

From Risk to Resilience: Helping People and Firms Adapt in South Asia

South Asia is the most climate-vulnerable region among emerging market and developing economies. With governments having limited room to act due to fiscal constraints, the burden of climate adaptation will fall primarily on households and firms.

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ff2cc5c5-a3d1-47a7-a205-93dbc06f7ec7/content

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Extended Producer Responsibility in a Circular Economy

"आर्थिक समृद्धिका लागि सबल, सुदृढ, समावेशी र उत्थानशील वित्तीय क्षेत्र"
वित्तीय क्षेत्र विकास रणनीति (आ.व. २०८२/८३-२०८६/८७)

The Global Risks Report 2026 is live.
The report highlights the key risks shaping the next decade, from tensions and rising to accelerating -driven disruption.
Drawing on insights from more than 1,300 global leaders and experts, it maps the risks on the two- to 10-year horizons, and shows why remains essential in an increasingly competitive world.
Read the full report: https://www.weforum.org/publica.../global-risks-report-2026/

नेपालको सार्वजनिक प्रशासनमा राजनितिकरण धेरै भएको भन्ने आरोप लाग्ने गर्छ । राजनिति र प्रशासन वीचको भिन्नता छुट्याउन गार्हो भएको छ । प्रस्तुत सन्दर्भमा नेपालमा राजनिति र प्रशासन वीचको अन्तरसम्बन्धको व्याख्या गर्नुहोस् । साथै नेपालको प्रशासनलाई राजनितिकरण हुनबाट जोगाउन के गर्नुपर्छ विस्तृत विवेचना गर्नुहोस् । (१०+१०)

नि:शुल्क सामग्री श्रृखला -४: नेपालको सार्वजनिक प्रशासनमा राजनितिकरण धेरै भएको भन्ने आरोप लाग्ने गर्छ । राजनिति र प्रशासन वीचको भिन्नता छुट्याउन गार्हो भएको छ । प्रस्तुत सन्दर्भमा नेपालमा राजनिति र प्रशासन वीचको अन्तरसम्बन्धको व्याख्या गर्नुहोस् । साथै नेपालको प्रशासनलाई राजनितिकरण हुनबाट जोगाउन के गर्नुपर्छ विस्तृत विवेचना गर्नुहोस् । (१०+१०) 𝑱𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚/𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒂𝒓𝒚/𝑺𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑶𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒓 𝑸/𝑨 𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔 सहसचिव/उपसचिव/शाखा अधिकृतस्तरको परिक्षा सहयोगी #PSC2082 #exam2026 #सहसचिव #उपसचिव #शाखा_अधिकृत #PSC #PSCChallenge #PSCChallengeAccepted

With Fox News – I just got recognized as one of their top fans! 🎉

From getting quality education to quality jobs, Nepalis face several challenges.
The Nepal Human Capital Review identifies key barriers preventing children & young people from reaching their full potential.
It’s time to to build a more prosperous for all.
📘 Download the report: http://wrld.bg/YagM50WCgb3
World Bank Nepal

Nepal Human Capital Review: Nurturing Nepali Talent to Foster Economic Growth Nepal Human Capital Review: Nurturing Nepali Talent to Foster Economic Growth

In 2011, Tesla CEO Elon Musk dismissed Chinese electric vehicle maker BYD as a competitor. But some 14 years later, BYD beat the American EV pioneer at its own game.
The Chinese car giant has overtaken Tesla as the world’s largest seller of EVs, according to 2025 data released by the two rivals this week.
BYD announced Thursday that it had sold 2.26 million EVs, up nearly 28% from 2024. Meanwhile, Tesla reported Friday a second straight year of declining sales: Deliveries fell 8.6% to only 1.6 million, recording the biggest annual drop in the company’s history.
BYD was able to overtake Tesla even though its EVs are not available for purchase in America, while China is Tesla’s second-largest market. https://cnn.it/49dSvhC
vs CNN CNN International Fox News BBC News

The world has a new EV king. It’s not Tesla | CNN Business In 2011, Tesla CEO Elon Musk dismissed Chinese electric vehicle maker BYD as a competitor. But some 14 years later, BYD beat the American EV pioneer at its own game.

𝐍𝐀𝐕𝐈𝐆𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐁𝐀𝐍𝐊 𝐅𝐀𝐈𝐋𝐔𝐑𝐄𝐒 𝐀𝐌𝐈𝐃 𝐒𝐎𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐃𝐄𝐅𝐀𝐔𝐋𝐓𝐒 𝐈𝐍 𝐄𝐌𝐄𝐑𝐆𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐊𝐄𝐓𝐒
Sovereign defaults in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies (EMDEs) increased significantly after the Covid-19 pandemic, with 31 defaults in 2020 and 38 in 2021. According to the World Bank Group’s latest International Debt Report, external debt burdens across low- and middle-income countries continue to build, reaching a record US$8.9 trillion in 2024, with interest payments climbing to an all-time high of US$415 billion—straining fiscal space just as more countries confront rising risks of default.
Sovereign defaults in recent years in countries like Sri Lanka, Ghana, and Lebanon 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐦𝐬 and signaled future challenges for other EMDEs with similar fiscal and external vulnerabilities. Sri Lanka’s default on its foreign sovereign debt in 2022, for instance, was the first in its history. The run-up to the sovereign default was marked by a tide of economic adversity and a financial sector heavily exposed to the sovereign through rising holdings of government securities. The country introduced import restrictions amidst an economic downturn, as international reserves dwindled when they were used to service international debt and to preserve the exchange rate level. The collapse of the exchange rate and the sovereign default that followed set the stage for a contraction in economic activity and put the spotlight on banks’ overexposure to the distressed sovereign.
When banks become jittery in a sovereign default, it doesn’t just unsettle the financial sector— 𝐢𝐭 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐰𝐢𝐟𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐬𝐡𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞. Other countries followed a similar script:
➤ rising sovereign stress due to persistent fiscal deficits and unsustainable public debt levels,
➤ weak external positions manifested through current account deficits and low international reserve coverage. These fiscal and external pressures increasingly shifted government financing needs to the domestic domain—primarily banks and financial institutions,
➤ exposing the financial sector to heightened sovereign risk.
As international investors grew wary of these fiscal weaknesses post-pandemic, governments’ access to external market financing diminished and reliance on the domestic financial sector increased. The sovereign-financial sector nexus deepened, leaving the financial sector’s soundness vulnerable to a government whose creditworthiness was under acute pressure.
Resolving 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐧-𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐜𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐬, commonly known as conglomerate crises, is highly complex given interactions between macro and financial sector variables, lack of monetary and fiscal policy space, and the need for painful reforms across a broad range of policy areas, often under acute time pressure. Bail outs funded by taxpayer money are often not an option given the lack of government fiscal buffers.
Countries need 𝐦𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐤 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐬 to reduce fiscal costs during bank failures. Such tools help set failing financial institutions aside from the general corporate insolvency framework, enabling early and prompt intervention that preserves depositors’ funds. A resolution framework also provides robust statutory powers to carve out assets and liabilities (e.g. purchase and assumption transactions) and writing down or converting liabilities into equity (i.e. bail-ins), among others. This is in contrast with bailouts, where governments would use public funds to recapitalize failed institutions.
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐄𝐌𝐃𝐄𝐬 that can be bailed in leaves policymakers with fewer options and puts uninsured depositors at risk, which is unpopular and disruptive. The ultimate objective is to shield public funds from bailing out failed financial institutions, imposing losses on private sector creditors, in a manner that protects lower-income households and small firms. This requires a well-funded deposit insurance scheme that can quickly protect small depositors and support the orderly resolution of failing banks. While such schemes are becoming more common in EMDEs, they are still far from universal.
Liquidity pressures typically intensify during sovereign debt distress, so a fully operational 𝐄𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐋𝐢𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 (𝐄𝐋𝐀) 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 is essential to prevent sudden, contagious bank runs. Standard ELA policies, such as collateralized lending at penalty rates and only to banks that are solvent but temporarily illiquid, continue to hold, but conglomerate crises present unique challenges. For example, demand for scarce FX liquidity may surge and may be impossible to meet in an environment of capital flight and depleted foreign exchange reserves.
Conglomerate crises challenge multiple government agencies due to their interconnected nature. 𝐀 𝐡𝐨𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 between fiscal, monetary, and financial sector policies is crucial. This requires clear interagency coordination arrangements that define decision-making roles in line with each authority’s legal mandate, ensuring a timely and coordinated policy response. These agencies are primarily the central bank, ministry of finance, deposit insurance and financial supervisory agencies.
The World Bank Group has partnered with countries around the world, including Ghana, Lebanon, and Sri Lanka, to confront challenges during conglomerate crises, and help them 𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐮𝐬𝐭 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐚𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐲 𝐧𝐞𝐭𝐬 that can effectively address the risks associated with conglomerate crises. This includes facilitating the development of comprehensive frameworks for prudential supervision, emergency liquidity assistance, and modern bank resolution and deposit insurance regimes.
By offering technical expertise, resources, and strategic guidance, the World Bank Group empowers EMDEs to implement proactive reforms that enhance financial sector stability and resilience, while developing domestic financial markets. The World Bank Group's commitment to fostering financial stability underscores its dedication to supporting countries in building sustainable and inclusive economies.
✍️ 𝘉𝘺 𝘔𝘪𝘲𝘶𝘦𝘭 𝘋𝘪𝘫𝘬𝘮𝘢𝘯, 𝘓𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘍𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘚𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘚𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘵; 𝘙𝘢𝘧𝘦𝘭 𝘔𝘰𝘺à, 𝘗𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘦𝘭 𝘚𝘦𝘯𝘪𝘰𝘳 𝘍𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘚𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘚𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘵; 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘊é𝘥𝘳𝘪𝘤 𝘔𝘰𝘶𝘴𝘴𝘦𝘵, 𝘓𝘦𝘢𝘥 𝘍𝘪𝘯𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭 𝘚𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘰𝘳 𝘚𝘱𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘴𝘵 - 𝘞𝘰𝘳𝘭𝘥 𝘉𝘢𝘯𝘬
Nepal Rastra Bank World Bank World Bank Nepal ICIMOD Harvard University Nabunomics

What is the environmental cost of the digital economy?

Data centres consumed 460 TWh of electricity in 2022 – as much as France – and tens of millions of cubic metres of water. 💧⚡

For resource-scarce economies, unmanaged growth could drain grids and aquifers.


▶️ Explore UN Trade and Development’s Digital Economy Report:

Digital Economy Report 2024 | Shaping an environmentally sustainable and inclusive digital future Digital economy report 2024 Shaping an environmentally sustainable and inclusive digital future Downloads Videos Press Previous reports The Digital Economy Report 2024 underscores the urgent need for environmentally sustainable and inclusive digitalization strategies.Digital technology and infrastru...

Disasters don’t just happen — they’re shaped by the systems around us. Risks grow when environmental, social, and governance factors are ignored.

1️⃣ Climate change
Rising temperatures are supercharging hazards — making floods, droughts, and storms more frequent, intense, and unpredictable.

2️⃣ Environmental degradation
When forests are cleared and wetlands drained, we lose nature’s first line of defence against floods, landslides, and coastal surges.

3️⃣ Poverty & inequality
Communities with fewer resources are often forced to live where hazards hit hardest – without safety nets, each disaster deepens inequality.

4️⃣ Poorly planned urban development
Rapid, unregulated growth leaves cities exposed – weak infrastructure and unsafe housing turn hazards into human catastrophes.

5️⃣ Weak governance
When coordination and accountability are missing, disaster prevention and response are ineffective.

💡 Tackling these drivers means tackling risk itself — building resilience that lasts.

Find out more about disaster risk drivers ➡️ https://ow.ly/Igiw50XNcLb

Risk drivers Risk is influenced by the decisions we make. From climate change to poor urban planning, it is critical to understand and address risk drivers to curb disaster risk.

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