03/07/2025
> A lecture delivered this evening at our institution:‘Jamā‘at Sheikh Uthman ibn Fodio for Qur’an Memorization and Islamic Studies’, in the department of: Primary Islamic Education for beginners.
Lecture Two: Foundational Divisions of the Science of Tawḥīd
In the Name of Allah, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful
Dear student, may Allah illuminate your heart with the light of His divine knowledge. Be aware that among all the disciplines of sacred knowledge, the most exalted and foundational is the Science of Tawḥīd—the study of Allah’s oneness and attributes.
As our distinguished teacher in the FODAWIYYA school, Sheikh Abdullah ibn Fodiyo, eloquently stated in his verse:
> “The highest of all knowledge is the root of religion —
That is Tawḥīd, and its true significance will manifest on the Day of Resurrection.”
Tawḥīd is the fundamental basis upon which the religion of Islam is established. It is also the first legal and spiritual obligation upon every rational and accountable individual. This principle is articulated clearly by Sheikh Abdur-Rahman al-Akhdari in his seminal treatise on creed:
> “Affirmation of belief is the first obligation upon every rational adult.”
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❗ The Peril of Ignorance in Matters of Belief
Negligence in pursuing knowledge or inquiring about essential matters of belief—particularly those that are individually obligatory (fard ‘ayn)—can lead to serious theological errors, pride, and ultimately divine punishment. This reality is powerfully captured by Sulaiman, the son of Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo, in his poetic admonition:
> “Their foremost flaw is failure to question,
Even in matters of personal obligation they remain ignorant,
Their hearts swelled with pride and vanity,
They neither approach scholars nor attend gatherings of knowledge,
Yet they debate about the Lord and His Messenger.”
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📖 Tawḥīd as the Central Aim of Revelation and Creation
Tawḥīd is not merely an abstract theological concept. It is the central purpose for which all prophets were sent, all divine scriptures were revealed, and all creation—heavens and earth—was brought into existence. As explained by Imam Al-Ghazālī, a leading intellectual authority in the FODAWIYYA tradition, all divine guidance and religious obligations trace back to this supreme concept: the absolute Oneness of Allah.
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🔍 The Three Foundational Divisions of Tawḥīd
(as defined by Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo, may Allah sanctify his soul)
Shehu Usmanu Dan Fodiyo (QS) states:
> “Know, may Allah grant you success, that the science of Tawḥīd consists of three essential divisions:”
1. Divinity / Lordship (Rubūbiyyah)
This area of Tawḥīd investigates the theological attributes of Allah. It includes:
What is necessary (wājib) for Allah (e.g., His existence, knowledge, power),
What is impossible (mustaḥīl) for Him (e.g., ignorance, death),
What is permissible (jā’iz) in relation to His actions (e.g., creating or not creating).
2. Prophethood (Risālah)
This division focuses on the Prophets and Messengers. It outlines:
Attributes that are obligatory for them (e.g., truthfulness, trustworthiness),
Attributes that are impossible (e.g., lying, betrayal),
Matters that are permissible, such as eating, marrying, or experiencing human conditions.
3. Revealed Matters (Sam‘iyyāt)
These are matters that cannot be known through reason alone, but are established through authentic revelation (wahy). They include:
The punishment and bliss of the grave,
The Sirāṭ (bridge over Hellfire),
The Mīzān (scales of deeds),
The Resurrection, Paradise, Hell, and other elements of the unseen (ghayb).
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✅ Conclusion and Forward Plan
With the permission of Allah, in the upcoming lecture we shall explore the first division—Divinity (Rubūbiyyah)—in greater detail. This will include the logical and scriptural proofs regarding Allah’s necessary attributes, and their implications in the structure of Islamic belief.
May Allah aid us, increase us in knowledge, protect us from deviation, and veil us with His mercy. Āmīn.