Nigerian Association of Microbiology Students - UDUS Chapter

MARBURG VIRUS CONTINUED

By: Offixial Romeo

INTRODUCTION CONTINUED

The 2013–2016 EBOV epidemic in West Africa highlighted the significant threat that filovirus outbreaks pose to international public health, yet despite the potential for MARV to cause serious outbreaks1,3,4, there are still no medically licensed vaccines or therapeutics to treat MHF. The development of such countermeasures requires relevant and well-characterized animal models that closely recapitulate the disease observed in humans. NHPs, particularly macaques, are considered the “gold-standard” model for MHF since they closely reflect human disease13,14. However, due to ethical and practical concerns, the use of NHPs is typically limited to the final evaluation of preclinical vaccine and therapeutic trials. Rodents therefore represent an important model system for initial evaluation of preventative and post-exposure countermeasures, and while several rodent MHF models have been developed, none of them recapitulates the disease as completely as it is observed in humans and NHPs14. In particular, the mouse models demonstrate only limited or inconsistent coagulation abnormalities, and neither the mouse nor the guinea pig models exhibit the full range of hemorrhagic manifestations, including the characteristic petechial rash7,15,16.

We used Syrian golden hamsters, which are widely used as animal models for infectious diseases17,18, to produce a rodent model that more precisely reflects MARV infection in humans and NHPs. Using hamster-adapted (HA) MARV-Angola, we performed a detailed pathological analysis of infection over time. Not only did HA-MARV infection of hamsters reproduce nearly all of the clinical features of MHF observed in humans and NHPs, including severe hematological and coagulation abnormalities, but it also reproduced hemorrhagic manifestations and the characteristic rash, which has never before been observed in any other The 2013–2016 EB model.

MARBURG VIRUS CONTND.

By: Offixial Romeo

INTRODUCTION

Introduction

Marburg virus (MARV), a non-segmented, negative sense RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae, has been responsible for causing sporadic outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever throughout central Africa since its discovery in 19671. The largest and deadliest of these outbreaks occurred in 2004–2005 in the Uíge province of Angola, where 252 cases of Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF) were reported and 227 people died2. With a case fatality rate of ~90%, the Angolan outbreak of MARV was one of the deadliest filovirus outbreaks on record, rivaling or exceeding the severity of outbreaks caused by the related Ebola virus (EBOV)1,2. MARV has also been inadvertently imported to other nations on numerous occasions, including two recent cases in the Netherlands and United States, one of which resulted in a fatality1,3,4.

Along with the distinct Ravn virus, MARV belongs to the genus Marburgvirus and comprises several different variants, including Musoke, Ci67, Popp, Ozolin, and Angola1. Of these, MARV-Angola seems to be the most virulent, as indicated by pathogenesis experiments in non-human primates (NHPs) and guinea pigs, as well as the extremely high case fatality rate in the Angolan outbreak2,5,6,7. Moreover, several studies have reported the successful use of aerosolized MARV, including variant Angola, to lethally infect NHPs8,9,10,11. Accordingly, MARV is considered a significant public health threat and is classified as a Category A Bioterrorism Agent by the Centers for Disease Control and a Tier 1 Select Agent by the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Moreover, the World Health Organization has recently designated MARV a priority pathogen needing urgent research attention12.

THE MARBURG VIRUS
By Offixial Romeo

ABSTRACT

Marburg virus (MARV), a close relative of Ebola virus, is the causative agent of a severe human disease known as Marburg hemorrhagic fever (MHF). No licensed vaccine or therapeutic exists to treat MHF, and MARV is therefore classified as a Tier 1 select agent and a category A bioterrorism agent. In order to develop countermeasures against this severe disease, animal models that accurately recapitulate human disease are required. Here we describe the development of a novel, uniformly lethal Syrian golden hamster model of MHF using a hamster-adapted MARV variant Angola. Remarkably, this model displayed almost all of the clinical features of MHF seen in humans and non-human primates, including coagulation abnormalities, hemorrhagic manifestations, petechial rash, and a severely dysregulated immune response. This MHF hamster model represents a powerful tool for further dissecting MARV pathogenesis and accelerating the development of effective medical countermeasures against human MHF.

Food borne and water borne diseases.

By: Offixial romeo

Nutritious nourishment is a need of life, and inability to get adequate calories, macronutrients (fats, proteins, starches), and micronutrients (nutrients, minerals) can bring about sickness. In the event that legitimate and sound nourishment not expended, nourishment can likewise be a wellspring of foodborne diseases, coming about because of eating ruined nourishment or nourishment debased with microorganisms, synthetic buildups or dangerous substances which may lead to:

Food Poisoning
Cholera
Schistosomiasis
Gastrointestinal Infections
Diarrhea etc