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History of computing hardware
The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were called "calculating machines", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators. The machine operator was called the computer.
The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers in a continuous form, for instance distance along a scale, rotation of a shaft, or a voltage. Numbers could also be represented in the form of digits, automatically manipulated by a mechanical mechanism. Although this approach generally required more complex mechanisms, it greatly increased the precision of results. A series of breakthroughs, such as miniaturized transistor computers, and the integrated circuit, caused digital computers to largely replace analog computers. The cost of computers gradually became so low that by the 1990s, personal computers, and then, in the 2000s, mobile computers, (smartphonesand tablets) became ubiquitous in industrialized countries.

History & Evolution of Computers.
Computer have been around a lot longer than many people might imagine. The word "computer" has changed meaning over decades, but the electronic computer that we think of in modern times developed throughout the second half of the 20th century. Its popularity as a household item surged in the 1980s following the arrival of operating systems by Apple and Microsoft that mixed graphics and text, replacing the text-only systems of the 1970s. By the 1990s, computers incorporated enhanced communication and multimedia applications and became an indispensable part of daily life for millions of people
Early Computing
The original definition of the word "computer" was a person who made calculations. This definition goes back to the 1600s and extends midway through the 20th century, when the term "computer" began to refer to a machine. The computer is based on the same concept as the abacus, which goes back many centuries. Technology made a giant leap with punched cards, introduced by Joseph-Marie Masquard in 1801. It's interesting that an early use of this system involved music, in which piano rolls assigned actions to notes on a piano, leading to the "player piano" in the 1870s. In 1835, Charles Babbage combined punched cards with a steam engine to invent what he called an "analytical engine."

Mechanical Information Processing
The company IBM grew out of the invention of the tabulator, crafted by Herman Hollerith in the late 1880s. This was the first use of punched cards representing data as opposed to punched cards automating a mechanical function like a player piano. The information processing world through the 1950s was based on a combination of punched cards, the tabulator and key punch machines. The first calculators appeared in the 1930s. Analog machines began to get replaced by the digital concept of zeroes and ones throughout the World War II era. The first computer made for the masses was UNIVAC, made by Re*****on Rand in 1951. IBM introduced its mainframe computer the following year.

Computer Integration
Early Re*****on computers sold at over a million dollars per machine, but IBM made smaller, more affordable machines that became popular. In 1954 IBM developed Fortran, one of the original computer programming languages, based heavily on mathematics. During the same decade, the developments of the transistor, integrated circuits and microprogramming led the way for reducing computer size. Meanwhile, CPUs increased computer processing speed and memory improved data storage. The arrival of microprocessors introduced by Texas Instruments and Intel in the early 1970s paved the way for miniaturized yet more powerful computers.

Rise of the PC
Up until the 1970s computers were mainly used by business, government and universities. Personal computers first appeared on the market in the late 1970s. Apple introduced the Apple I in 1976 and the Apple II the following year, ushering in an era for the masses using computers at home. From this point on, the software industry began to develop, with Microsoft and Apple as the primary companies. Microsoft became a software giant by marketing its DOS operating system with IBM computers beginning in 1984. Apple introduced the Macintosh in 1984, marking the beginning of graphics and text, replacing systems that only displayed text. Ever since, Apple has called its computer system "Mac" to differentiate itself from the rest of the PC market.

Multimedia Culture
During the 1990s, the computer surged in popularity and became a common household item. Microsoft's Windows 95 operating system accelerated the mass use of computers while the growth of the World Wide Web throughout the 1990s also helped attract interest in computers. Soon, nearly every profession needed software to improve its product or service. By the first decade of the 2000s, Microsoft had introduced the XP and Vista operating systems while Apple offered the OS X series through Leopard. These developments, along with other popular software applications, meant that the average person now had access to robust multimedia tools.

Mobile Revolution
Personal computing became truly portable in the late 1990s and 2000s with the development of advanced PDAs, the touchscreen smartphone and tablet PCs. Apple changed the game with the launch of the iPhone in June 2007, but other manufacturers, including Samsung and Nokia, soon developed their own touchscreen smartphones and mobile devices. This new generation of devices took advantage of several technological breakthroughs--including processor miniaturization, flash memory, high-speed Wi-Fi wireless Internet and 3G mobile data networks--to put the power of the personal computer in the purse and pocket.

A-Z Shortcut Keys in Microsoft Word

F1 key — Get help or use the Office assistant
SHIFT and F1 Key — Context sensitive help
F2 Key — Move text or image
SHIFT + F2 Key — Copy text
F3 Key — Insert an autotext entry
SHIFT + F3 Key — Change the case of the selected text
F4 Key — Perform last action again
SHIFT + F4 Key — Perform a Find or Go to action again
F5 Key — Displays the Go to dialogue box. You can also get to Find and Replace from here
SHIFT + F5 Key — Move to a previous revision
F6 Key — Go to the next frame or pane
SHIFT + F6 Key — Go to the previous frame or pane
F7 Key — Launch the Spell checker
SHIFT + F7 Key — Launch the Thesaurus
F8 Key — Extend the current selection
SHIFT + F8 Key — Shrink the current selection
F9 Key — Update the selected fields
SHIFT + F9 Key — Switch between a field code and its result
F10 Key — Activate the menu bar
SHIFT + F10 Key — Display a Shortcut Menu (same as right-clicking)
F11 Key — Go to the next field
SHIFT + F11 Key — Go to the previous field
F12 Key — Save file As, equivalent to tools menu
SHIFT + F12 Key — Save document, equivalent to tools menu
CTRL and A — Selects all in the current document
CTRL and B — Bold text
CTRL and C — Copies the item or text to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL and V
CTRL and D — Displays the Font dialogue box
CTRL and E — Centre Alignment
CTRL and F — Displays the Find dialog box, to search the current document
CTRL and G — Displays the Go to dialog box, to go to a specific location in the current document
CTRL and H — Displays the Replace dialogue box
CTRL and I — Italic text
CTRL and J — Full Justification
CTRL and K — Create Hyperlink
CTRL and L — Left Alignment
CTRL and M — Tab
CTRL and N — Creates a new document
CTRL and O — Displays the Open File dialogue box
CTRL and P — Displays the Print dialog box
CTRL and R — Right Alignment
CTRL and S — Displays the Save dialog box
CTRL and U — Underline text
CTRL and V — Pastes the copied item or text from the Clipboard into the current position in the document
CTRL and X — Cuts the item or text selected to the Clipboard
CTRL and Y — Redo the last undone action
CTRL and Z — Undoes the last action
CTRL and ENTER — Insert Page Break
CTRL and F2 — Show Print preview
CTRL and F4 — Closes the active document window
CTRL and F6 — Opens the next document window

Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys

F2 — Edit the selected cell
F5 — Go to a specific cell. For example, C6
F7 — Spell check selected text and/or document
F11 — Create chart
Ctrl + Shift + — Enter the current time
Ctrl + — Enter the current date
Alt + Shift + F1 — Insert New Worksheet
Shift + F3 — Open the Excel formula window
Shift + F5 — Bring up search box
Ctrl + A — Select all contents of the worksheet
Ctrl + B — Bold highlighted selection
Ctrl + I — Italic highlighted selection
Ctrl + K — Insert link
Ctrl + U — Underline highlighted selection
Ctrl + 5 — Strikethrough highlighted selection
Ctrl + P — Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing
Ctrl + Z — Undo last action
Ctrl + F9 — Minimize current window
Ctrl + F10 — Maximize currently selected window
Ctrl + F6 — Switch between open workbooks / windows
Ctrl + Page up — Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document
Ctrl + Page down — Move between Excel work sheets in the same Excel document
Ctrl + Tab — Move between Two or more open Excel files
Alt + = — Create a formula to add all of the above cells
Ctrl + ' — Insert the value of the above cell into cell currently selected
Ctrl + Shift + ! — Format number in comma format
Ctrl + Shift + $ — Format number in currency format
Ctrl + Shift + # — Format number in date format
Ctrl + Shift + % — Format number in percentage format
Ctrl + Shift + ^ — Format number in scientific format
Ctrl + Shift + @ — Format number in time format
Ctrl + Arrow key — Move to next section of text
Ctrl + Space — Select entire column
Shift + Space — Select entire row

Background: What Is a Shortcut?

In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a finite set of one or more keys that invoke a software or operating system operation when triggered by the user.

Keyboard shortcuts are typically an alternate means for invoking one or more commands that would otherwise be accessible only through a menu, a pointing device, different levels of a user interface, or via a command console. Keyboard shortcuts generally expedite common operations by reducing input sequences to a few keystrokes, hence the term "shortcut".

Shortcut keys help provide an easier and usually quicker method of navigating and using computer software programs. Shortcut keys are commonly accessed by using the Alt (on IBM compatible computers), command key (on Apple computers), Ctrl, and/or Shift in conjunction with a single letter.

How to Create a Windows Shortcut Key

CREATE A SHORTCUT
Open the folder or directory that contains the program you wish to create a shortcut for.
Right-click on the program and click "Create Shortcut".
This will create a shortcut named "Shortcut to " in the directory you are in. If you wish to rename this shortcut, right-click the file and click rename.
Once the above steps have been completed, you can copy or cut this shortcut and paste it anywhere to execute this program.
ASSIGN SHORTCUT KEY TO THAT WINDOWS SHORTCUT
Once the shortcut has been created to assign a shortcut key to that Windows shortcut follow the below steps.

Right-click the shortcut and click Properties.
Click the Shortcut tab.
Click in the Shortcut key box and press a letter. For example, if you press "p" the shortcut key will automatically be made Ctrl + Alt + P. Which means if saved when pressing Ctrl and Alt and "P" all at the same time will run that shortcut.

The difference between the human brain and
that of computer's brain include the following.
1.The human brain is divided into 3 parts
(cerebrum,cerebellum& the medulla) while the
computer brain doesn't have those parts.
2. The human brain weighs a little over 3 pounds
(about 1.5kg) while the weight of the brain of a
computer depends on the penteun(capacity) of
the CPU.
3. Man's brain is made up of millions of nerve
cells called neurons whil computer brain is made
of one thing called the pentteum.
4. In human brain,all activities like messages to
and from the brain are dond by the neurons
while the centural processing unit(CPU) serves
as the brain box for the computer.
5. Yet no computer has as much memory or as
much connections then or like the human brain.

The basic components of a Computer
Before you can really start to understand how to
maximize the effectiveness of using your
computer you would really benefit in
understanding what the components of a
computer consist of and how those pieces play
nicely together. Whether you’re using a laptop a
desktop or even one of the newer tablets,
basically… they’re underlying components are
very similar if not exactly the same.

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