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🧪 *STANDARD JAMB CHEMISTRY KEY POINTS*

*(Carefully aligned with the official JAMB syllabus)*

*1. Matter & Separation of Mixtures*

* Matter exists in *three states*: solid, liquid, and gas.
* *Pure substances* have fixed melting and boiling points.
* *Mixtures* can be separated by *physical methods*.
* Filtration separates *insoluble solids from liquids*.
* Distillation separates liquids based on *boiling point differences*.
* Chromatography separates substances based on *rate of movement*.

📌 *JAMB tests the principle behind each method, not just the name.*

*2. Chemical Combination & Stoichiometry*

* Chemical reactions obey the *law of conservation of mass*.
* The *mole* is the SI unit of amount of substance.
* 1 mole contains *6.02 × 10²³ particles*.
* Calculations must always be based on the *limiting reagent*.
* Percentage composition is based on *relative atomic masses*.

📌 *Balanced equations are compulsory before calculations.*

*3. Kinetic Theory of Matter & Gas Laws*

* Matter is made up of particles in *constant random motion*.
* Increase in temperature increases *kinetic energy*.
* Boyle’s law: Pressure ∝ 1/Volume (at constant temperature).
* Charles’ law: Volume ∝ Temperature (at constant pressure).
* Ideal gas equation: *PV = nRT*.

📌 *JAMB often mixes gas laws with unit conversion.*

*4. Atomic Structure*

* Atom consists of **protons, neutrons, and electrons**.
* Atomic number = number of **protons**.
* Mass number = protons + neutrons.
* Isotopes have the **same atomic number but different mass numbers**.
* Chemical properties depend on **electrons**, not neutrons.

📌 *Isotopes have similar chemical but different physical properties.*

*5. Periodic Table & Periodicity*

* Elements are arranged by *increasing atomic number*.
* Groups show *similar chemical properties*.
* Atomic radius *decreases across a period*.
* Metallic character *decreases across a period*.
* Noble gases are *chemically inert*.

📌 *Group number often equals number of valence electrons.*

*6. Chemical Bonding*

* Ionic bonding involves *transfer of electrons*.
* Covalent bonding involves *sharing of electrons*.
* Metallic bonding involves a *sea of electrons*.
* Ionic compounds have *high melting points*.
* Covalent compounds are usually *poor conductors*.

📌 *Bond type determines physical properties.*

---

*7. Air, Water & Solubility*

* Air is a *mixture*, not a compound.
* Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in air.
* Water is a *neutral substance* (pH = 7).
* Solubility increases with temperature for most solids.
* Solubility of gases *decreases with temperature*.

📌 *JAMB tests composition of air numerically.*

*8. Acids, Bases & Salts*

* Acids produce *H⁺ ions* in water.
* Bases produce *OH⁻ ions* in water.
* pH < 7 → Acidic
* pH = 7 → Neutral
* pH > 7 → Alkaline
* Strong acids/bases *fully ionise*.

📌 *Indicators change colour depending on pH.*

*9. Oxidation & Reduction (Redox)*

* Oxidation is *loss of electrons*.
* Reduction is *gain of electrons*.
* Oxidation and reduction occur *simultaneously*.
* Oxidizing agents are *reduced*.
* Reducing agents are *oxidised*.

📌 *JAMB prefers electron-transfer definition.*

*10. Electrochemistry*

* Electrolysis involves *chemical decomposition by electricity*.
* Electrolytes conduct electricity in molten or aqueous state.
* Cathode → reduction
* Anode → oxidation
* Products depend on *electrolyte and electrode type*.

📌 *Always identify the electrodes used.*

*11. Energy Changes (Thermochemistry)*

* Exothermic reactions *release heat**.
* Endothermic reactions *absorb heat*.
* Bond breaking absorbs energy.
* Bond formation releases energy.

📌 *Energy profile diagrams are common.*

*12. Rate of Chemical Reactions*

* Rate increases with *temperature*.
* Rate increases with *concentration*.
* Catalysts increase rate but are *not consumed*.
* Powdered solids react faster than lumps.

📌 *Catalysts do NOT change equilibrium position.*

*13. Chemical Equilibrium*

* Equilibrium is *dynamic*, not static.
* Le Chatelier’s principle predicts equilibrium shift.
* Changes in temperature, pressure, and concentration affect equilibrium.

📌 *Catalysts do not affect equilibrium position.*

*14. Metals & Their Compounds*

* Metals are good *conductors of heat and electricity*.
* Metals lose electrons to form *cations*.
* Reactivity series predicts displacement reactions.
* Extraction depends on *metal reactivity*.

📌 *More reactive metals cannot be displaced by less reactive ones.*

*15. Non-Metals & Their Compounds*

* Non-metals form *acidic oxides*.
* They gain electrons to form *anions*.
* Most non-metals are *poor conductors*.

📌 *Oxides classification is frequently tested.*

*16. Organic Chemistry*

* Organic compounds contain *carbon*.
* Alkanes → saturated hydrocarbons.
* Alkenes → unsaturated hydrocarbons.
* Homologous series have *similar chemical properties*.
* Functional groups determine reactions.

📌 *Naming and properties are key.*

*17. Chemistry & Industry*

* Chemistry plays a role in *fertilisers, soaps, fuels, plastics*.
* Industrial processes are tested conceptually, not in detail.
* Environmental impact is important.

📌 *JAMB links chemistry to real life.*

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JAMB 2022 UPDATE

1. UTME ( registration) begins:
12th February
2. UTME( registration ) closes: 19th March
3. UTME MOCK: 2nd of April
4. UTME ( Examination ) begins : 20th April
5. UTME ( Examination ) ends : *30th April
6. Cost of Registration:
₦ 4,700 ( e. Pin: 3,500. Use of English text: ₦ 500. CBT Charge: ₦ 700. Total: 4,700 ). This money is paid Once to JAMB.
7. JAMB is adopting cashless policy in the registration process for the 2022 UTME.
8. Candidates will NOT pay any money to the CBT center for Registration.
9. All fees( ₦ 4,700 ) will be paid directly to JB while JAMB pays the CBT centres.
10. The procedure for payment of registrstion fee & obtaining of profile code hasn't changed.
11. Direct entry ( Registration ): To run concurrently with the UTME registration
12. NIN is still Compulsory for registration except the board ( JAMB ) says otherwise.

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SEXUAL ASSAULT ON CHILDREN

Dear Parents, due to increase of children S*xual assault we implore that our children should be educated and enlightened from home.
Our children are dieing in silence and experiencing emotional trauma

Children's Counselling : Follow-up Guide on S*xual Abuse.
kindly ask your children these questions regularly:👇

1. Mention the two types of body parts.

Ans: 👉 Public parts & Private parts.

2. What are private parts

Ans: 👉Your personal body parts.( Your own) That no one should touch, look at or play with.

3. What parts of the body make up each ?
Ans👉 Boys: P***s, sc***um, a**s, lap, buttocks....lips
Girls : Vaginal, breast, lap, buttocks, a**s..lips

4. Mention the two types of touches.

Ans: 👉Good touch & Bad touch

5. What is a good touch?

Ans: 👉 A Touch on any of the public parts.

6. What is a bad touch?

Ans: 👉A touch on any of the private parts (or areas around them)

7. If someone is trying to touch or play with your private parts, it is called what?

Ans: 👉S*xual Abuse

8. Who are those that can abuse you?

Ans: 👉 Anybody.
(Mention)

9. Say something about your lips.

Ans: 👉 No one must kiss me on my lips not even my mum & dad.

10. Where can s*xual abuse take place.

Ans: 👉 Anywhere
(Mention)

11. What do abusers tell their victims & are those things true?

Ans: 👉 " I will kill you,'
'Your mummy and your daddy will die'
' You will die if you tell anyone about it'
'Your parents will not believe you.....'
"They will blame you and beat you'.

Parents, at this point, I want you all to note that some children don't tell when someone is s*xually abusing them because some parents can be very 'TOUGH' and the children - extremely scared of the backlash from the parents. This is indeed a very delicate issue which must be addressed with the utmost self-restraint, maturity and caution!

7. What will happen to you if someone is trying to abuse you and you don't tell?.

Ans: 👉

- The abuser will continue to abuse you and threaten you the more.
- It will affect your studies because you won't be able to concentrate.
- You will be unhappy/depressed.
- You could be physically harmed and your life could be in danger
- You could contract diseases- HIV/AIDS, please ,kindly explain more on this to them.

8. What are the things you should & should not do to avoid been s*xually abused?

Ans👉 Don't go anywhere without your parent's consent.

Don't talk to strangers.

Don't allow anyone lie on you.

Don't allow anyone tell you to put off your clothes/pants.

No one must ever touch or play with your private parts.

You must tell at any attempt by anyone.

SCREAM, RUN, REPORT........and so on

AN IMPORTANT NOTICE
kindly take note of the following actions which these young ones accused some parents of ...👇

👉Watching films where kissing & other intimate action occurs ......
👉Dressing up in their presence.
👉Bathing them together in the bathroom, either same s*x or opposite s*x ( very wrong)
👉 Sometimes leaving them naked in front of other siblings.
👉Entrusting them with people.

...and so on.

Please, take note of all these and avoid them and other similar unhelpful practices.

Conclusively, 🙏🙏🙏🙏, please let everyone be vigilant in looking after our kids.

We must never be negligent regarding them and also know that *No one*, may be absolutely trusted with our kids. But, since you cannot always be with them all the time, please do *review the session with them at least every month.*

This will immunize them against becoming victims of terrible predators waiting out there to prey on little innocent ones.
May the Almighty God protect us all and our families from evils.

Thank you all and God Bless.

☝pls🙏 let's teach our pupils\students and children all this,may God save us and our children from molesters🤲
*SAVE OUR CHILDREN FROM SEXUAL ABUSE*

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*CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE*
Child s*xual abuse is also known as child s*xual molestation. It is a secret crime involving a range of indecent s*xual activities between an adultand a child.
According to the National Violence Against Children Survey, it established that *1 in 4 girls* and *1 in 10 boys* experienced s*xual violence before the age of 18.

*TYPES OF MOLESTATION*
-Defilement
-R**e
-Fi*****ng
-Making a child watch po*******hy
-Exposing the ge***al to kids
-Indecent touching
-Fondling etc

*WHO COULD ABUSE YOUR CHILD?*
*ANYBODY*
Studies show that over *95%* of s*xually abused children are abused by persons known or close to the child or the child's family.

*ABUSERS ARE MOSTLY NOT STRANGERS*
They are right there in your house, co-tenants, family members,neighbours. Their friends in school, hostel, classmates,class/school teachers, madrasah teachers, cousins, uncles, nephew, niece, fathers, step fathers, grand fathers, imams, choir masters, pastors, confidants, security guard, maids, family /school drivers, After school/home lesson teachers, mummy's friend, daddy's friend, caregivers, strangers........ the list can go on.
Please, do not ask if any of the above is possible because,there is no case of any of the above that we have not seen.

*CAUSES OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE*
Parental negligence, carelessness, non- challant attitude.
It is as bad as *No one can be trusted*
We have a child presently carrying a baby that belongs to her father*

*OTHER CAUSES*
Absentee parents.
Parents who do not observe.
When d kids are not informed.....
What u watch with your kids.

*WHERE CAN YOUR CHILD BE SEXUALLY ABUSED?*
✓On your bed
✓Right under your nose, under your roof
✓In the school enviroment- class,toilet etc
✓Hostel
✓Parties
✓ In their room (siblings)
✓Deserted/Abandoned places
✓ When you are distracted
Etc

Perpetrators look for opportunities.
*5mins is enough to cause a life long damge*

*HOW DO PAEDOPHILES GET THE VICTIMS?*
1.Grooming
2.Baits

a. Emotional bait
b. Gift bait
c. Financial bait
d. Familiarity & Respect bait.
Child grooming
Befriending and establishing an emotional connection with a child, and sometimes the family, to lower the child's inhibitions with the objective of s*xual abuse. -Wikipedia-
Gaining the trust of a minor with the intention of having s*x relationship with them.

*HOW TO IDENTIFY A POSSIBLE ABUSER*
A. Always trying to be around your child or vice versa
B. Child feels uncomfortable when he/she sights d abuser or when d abuser is around.
C. Easily and conviniently accept to care for your child while you are away.
D. Can be hard on the child especially if the child is rejecting his *moves*
Etc

If any of the above is observed, plssss, shine your eyes. Or sometimes, your child might feel uncomfortable /rejecting to go to the person when you send him or her Or even go for holiday.
S*xual abuse happens among sibblings, set rules, seperate their rooms, seperate their beds.
We had a case of twins having s*x with each other. When they were asked, they said: we see mum and dad do same.
Why should we be that careless?
Because of the carelessness of both parents,their innocent minds were polluted and their lives were destroyed.

*WHAT A PERPETRATOR SAYS TO A CHILD WILLING TO SPEAK OUT*
•I will kill u
•You will die
•Your mummy will hate u
•Your mummy will beat you
•Your mummy will blame you.
•Your mummy and your daddy will die.
•He could cut d child, lick d blood and says ' *this is a blood convenant between us ,d day you tell is the day you die*

The *SRR*
-Teach ur child-

S - Shout/scream
R - Run
R - Report

*POSSIBLE SIGNS THAT YOUR CHILD HAS BEEN ABUSED*
✓Isolation
✓Aggressiveness
✓Anxiety/Fear
✓Difficulty in walking
✓Sudden drop in academic performance
✓Poor social interaction
Etc

*OTHERS*
✓S*xually Transmitted Diseases.

Their dressing is important, dress to cover them pls. Teach them privacy.They must knock and seek permission before they enter your room.
It is wrong to bath them together irrespective of s*x.

PLEASE NOTE
*children never lie about abuse* If your child tells u someone is trying to mess with him or her.... Please believe the child and respond appropriately.

*EFFECT OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE*
-The abused child could become a *serial* abuser
-Depression
-Suicidal thoughts
-Stigma
-Guilt
-Lifelong psychological trauma
-Aggression
-Withdrawn
-Infected with STDs
Etc

*THE BOYS*
More often than not,we pay more attention to the girls than the boys.
With my years of experience, boys are mostly victims- a**l s*x but because we *do not pay attention*.
For them, healing is a terrible process.

*WATCH OVER YOUR BOYS* Something might just be happening and u perceive not. Do not be a *hard* mum. Strike a balance between love and discipline.
Give your children S*x Education proportional to their age. A child of age 2 or even less is due for S*x Eduacation.
Tell them what nobody must do with their body.
Tell them to *speak out*.
In the house, everyone must respect one another's privacy.

*SDGs Goal 3: Good Health and Wellbeing*

Teach your children these important words.
Things you need to teach your Child(ren) at early age:

1: Warn your Girl Child Never to sit on anyone's laps no matter the situation including uncles.

2: Avoid Getting Dressed in front of your child once he/she is 2 years old. Learn to excuse them or yourself.

3. Never allow any adult refer to your child as 'my wife' or 'my husband'

4. Whenever your child goes out to play with friends make sure you look for a way to find out what kind of play they do, because young people now s*xually abuse themselves.

5. Never force your child to visit any adult he or she is not comfortable with and also be observant if your child becomes too fond of a particular adult.

6. Once a very lively child suddenly becomes withdrawn you may need to patiently ask lots of questions from your child.

7. Carefully educate your grown ups about the right values of s*x . If you don't, the society will teach them the wrong values.

8: It is always advisable you go through any new Material like cartoons you just bought for them before they start seeing it themselves.

9. Ensure you activate parental controls on your cable networks and advice your friends especially those your child(ren) visit(s) often.

10. Teach your 3 year olds how to wash their private parts properly and warn them never to allow anyone touch those areas and that
includes you (remember, charity begins from home and with you).

11: Blacklist some materials/associates you think could threaten the sanity of your child (this includes music, movies and even friends and families).

12. Let your child(ren) understand the value of standing out of the
crowd.

13: Once your child complains about a particular person, don't keep quiet about it.
Take up the case and show them you can defend them.

Remember, we are either parents or parents-to-be.
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