Nigerian Institute Of Physics

SPECIAL NOTICE ! !! !!!
Phase I of Workshops in 3 Phases for Training STEM Teachers in Udu Kingdom on _Establishing Functional Education to Build the Udu of Our Dream_
_Organized by_:
Nigerian Institute of Physics (NIP)
_In Partnership with_
The Ovie of Udu Kingdom
_And_
Smartphones for Smart Learning Project (SSLP), Delta State University, Abraka
Sponsored by:
Udu Council of Chiefs

December 31, 2025

Dear (Nigerian Institute Of Physics)

I hope this message finds you well. On behalf of The Nigerian Institute Of Physics (NIP), I am delighted to extend to you an invitation to our upcoming 47th Annual Conference. This serves as an official invitation for you to join us at this event.

This Conference, themed "Smart Physics: A New Perspective for Technological Advancement" is scheduled to take place on May 11th - 15th, 2026

It is set to convene world-renowned professionals, experts, and thoughts leaders who are seeking to share insight, discuss emerging trends, and collective shape the future of our respective fields.

The invitation is a testament to your influence and expertise in your field. We believe that your unique perspective and insights would contribute immensely to the conference, making it event more rich and valuable.

We hope that the invitation will provide an opportunity for you to network with industry professionals, share your knowledge, and possibly collaborate on various projects or initiatives.

Should you need more information or assistance regarding this invitation or the conference, kindly feel free to reach out to us. We would be more than glad to provide you with the assistance you need.

We look forward to your positive consideration of our invitation and hope to welcome you at the conference.

Conference Registration link: https://conference.nipngr.org/

Thanks

Dahiru Abdullahi Ohida
Acting Chairman,
NIP, Kogi State Chapter

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BELOW👇🏻 IS THE NIGERIAN 🇳🇬 Institute Of Physics(NIP), WEBINAR LECTURE SERIES 7.0 PRESENTATION SLIDES
By

Prof. Matoh Dary Dogara (FNIP)

TITLE: Leveraging Geoforensics for Enhanced National Security Intelligence.

■ Intrested on Full PDF should Kindly Call 📞 Or Whatsapp Via +2348162282169,

Email: [email protected]

🔥
👇🏻

💥NIP WEBINAR LECTURE SERIES 7.0

On behalf of the President of NIP, Prof. Joseph O. Coker, _FNIP_ , this is to inform you that, the Council is set to have the Webinar Lecture Series 7.0 to be presented by Prof. Matoh Dary Dogara (FNIP)
Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Kaduna

Topic: Leveraging Geoforensics for Enhanced National Security Intelligence.

Date: Tuesday, 16th December, 2025

Time: 1.00 p.m.

Registration Link: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYw4E1btr467IahlfsUrZVFpskKasy8gxIN9dsWF81D-LxRA/viewform?usp=publish-editor

Join Zoom Meeting
https://us05web.zoom.us/j/7247520175?pwd=Dg5HHGwM1SeX6CT9mblvF0XayLAaaB.1&omn=84192525021

Meeting ID: 724 752 0175
Passcode: 123456

Please note that only participants who registered shall be issued certificates

NIP is marching forward...
Forward Ever and Backward Never !!!

Announcer/Moderator:
Prof Godfrey E. Akpojotor, _FNIP_
NIP PRO

NIP WEBINAR LECTURE SERIES 7.0

On behalf of the President of NIP, Prof. Joseph O. Coker, _FNIP_ , this is to inform you that, the Council is set to have the Webinar Lecture Series 7.0 to be presented by Prof. Matoh Dary Dogara (FNIP)
Department of Physics, Kaduna State University, Kaduna

Topic: Leveraging Geoforensics for Enhanced National Security Intelligence.

Date: Tuesday, 16th December, 2025

Time: 1.00 p.m.

Registration Link: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeYw4E1btr467IahlfsUrZVFpskKasy8gxIN9dsWF81D-LxRA/viewform?usp=publish-editor

Join Zoom Meeting
https://us05web.zoom.us/j/7247520175?pwd=Dg5HHGwM1SeX6CT9mblvF0XayLAaaB.1&omn=84192525021

Meeting ID: 724 752 0175
Passcode: 123456

Please note that only participants who registered shall be issued certificates

NIP is marching forward...
Forward Ever and Backward Never !!!

Announcer/Moderator:
Prof Godfrey E. Akpojotor, _FNIP_
NIP PRO

FLUID DYNAMICS
Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion, a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that examines the movement of liquids and gases and the forces that influence their flow. It applies mathematical principles like conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to understand and predict how fluids behave in various situations, such as predicting weather patterns, designing aircraft, or modeling blood circulation.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Fluid:
A substance that can flow, encompassing both liquids and gases.

• Laminar flow:
A type of fluid flow characterized by smooth, parallel layers with no mixing.

• Turbulent flow:
A chaotic and irregular type of fluid flow with swirls and eddies, often occurring at higher velocities.

• Viscosity:
A fluid's resistance to flow, similar to friction. The study of ideal fluids often assumes a lack of viscosity, though real fluids have it.

• Aerodynamics:
The study of the movement of gases in relation to moving bodies, such as airplanes.

• Hydrodynamics:
The study of the movement of liquids, such as water in ships or pipes.

APPLICATIONS
➡️Engineering:
Designing aircraft, rockets, and ships; optimizing the flow of oil in pipelines and air in air conditioning systems.

➡️Environmental Science:
Predicting weather patterns and studying ocean currents.

➡️Biology:
Understanding how blood circulates in the body.

➡️Astrophysics:
Studying the motion of stars and other celestial objects.

RELATED FIELD
Fluid mechanics: The broader field that includes both fluid dynamics (fluids in motion) and fluid statics (fluids at rest).

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD): Uses computer programs to solve and simulate problems involving fluid flows, which is crucial for understanding complex situations.

EQUATION OF CONTINUITY
Definition
The equation of continuity is a fundamental principle in fluid dynamics that describes the conservation of mass in a fluid flow. It states that the mass flow rate of a fluid remains constant along a streamline, assuming no fluid is added or removed.

Mathematical Expression
ρ1 A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2

where:
- ρ = fluid density (kg/m³)
- A = cross-sectional area (m²)
- v = fluid velocity (m/s)

Explanation
The equation is derived from the principle of conservation of mass, which states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in a closed system. The equation implies that the mass flow rate (ρAv) is constant along a streamline.

Assumptions
1. Incompressible Fluid: ρ is constant (liquids).
2. Steady Flow: v is constant at a given point.
3. No fluid addition or removal: No sources or sinks in the flow.

Simplified Equation (Incompressible Fluid)
A1 v1 = A2 v2

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. Mass Flow Rate: ρAv (kg/s)
2. Volume Flow Rate: Av (m³/s)
3. Continuity Principle: Mass flow rate is constant along a streamline.

APPLICATIONS
1. Pipe Flow: Calculating flow rates and velocities in pipes.

2. Nozzles and Diffusers: Analyzing flow through nozzles and diffusers.

3. Aerodynamics: Studying airflow around objects.

4. Hydraulic Systems: Designing hydraulic systems and pump

Examples
Example 1:
Water flows through a pipe with an initial diameter of 10 cm and a velocity of 2 m/s. If the diameter decreases to 5 cm, find the velocity at the narrower section.
Solution ⭐
A1 v1 = A2 v2
(π (0.1 m)^2 / 4) × 2 m/s = (π (0.05 m)^2 / 4) × v2
v2 = 8 m/s

Example 2:
A nozzle with an inlet diameter of 20 cm and an outlet diameter of 10 cm has a flow rate of 0.1 m³/s. Find the inlet and outlet velocities.

A1 v1 = A2 v2 = flow rate
v1 = 0.1 m³/s / (π (0.1 m)^2 / 4) = 3.18 m/s
v2 = 0.1 m³/s / (π (0.05 m)^2 / 4) = 12.73 m/s

Limitations
1. Assumes incompressible flow: Not applicable to compressible fluids (gases) at high speeds.
2. Assumes steady flow: Not applicable to turbulent or unsteady flows.

BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
Definition
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the velocity of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

Mathematical Expression
P + 1/2 ρv² + ρgh = constant

where:
- P = pressure (Pa)
- ρ = fluid density (kg/m³)
- v = fluid velocity (m/s)
- g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
- h = height above a reference point (m)

Explanation
The principle is derived from the conservation of energy, stating that the total energy of a fluid remains constant along a streamline.

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Pressure Energy: P
• Kinetic Energy: 1/2 ρv²
• Potential Energy: ρgh

APPLICATIONS
1. Airfoil Lift: Explains the lift generated by an airplane wing.
2. Venturi Effect: Describes the pressure drop in a constricted pipe.
3. Pitot Tube: Measures fluid velocity using pressure differences.

EXAMPLES
1. Airplane Wing: Faster airflow above the wing creates lower pressure, generating lift.
2. Shower Curtain: Water flow creates a pressure difference, pulling the curtain inward.
3. Spinning Ball: Pressure difference creates a curved trajectory.

Limitations
1. Assumes inviscid flow: Neglects fluid viscosity.
2. Assumes incompressible flow: Not applicable to high-speed compressible flow.

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THE SIMPLE PENDULUM!

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➡️A simple pendulum can be described as a device where its point mass is attached to a light inextensible string and suspended from a fixed support. The vertical line passing through the fixed support is the mean position of a simple pendulum. The vertical distance between the point of suspension and the centre of mass of the suspended body, when it is in the mean position, is called the length of the simple pendulum, denoted by L. This form of the pendulum is based on the resonant system having a single resonant frequncy.

➡️A simple pendulum is a mechanical arrangement that demonstrates periodic motion. The simple pendulum comprises a small bob of mass ‘m’ suspended by a thin string secured to a platform at its upper end of length L.

➡️The simple pendulum is a mechanical system that sways or moves in an oscillatory motion. This motion occurs in a vertical plane and is mainly driven by gravitational force. Interestingly, the bob that is suspended at the end of a thread is very light; somewhat, we can say it is even massless. The period of a simple pendulum can be made extended by increasing the length string while taking the measurements from the point of suspension to the middle of the bob. However, it should be noted that if the mass of the bob is changed, the period will remain unchanged. The period is influenced mainly by the position of the pendulum in relation to Earth, as the strength of the gravitational field is not uniform everywhere.

TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH SIMPLE PENDULUM
• Length (L):
Distance between the point of suspension to the center of the bob

• Time Period (T):
Time taken by the pendulum to finish one full oscillation

• Linear Displacement (x):
Distance traveled by the pendulum bob from the equilibrium position to one side.

• Angular Displacement (θ):
The angle described by the pendulum with an imaginary axis at the equilibrium position is called the angular displacement.

• Amplitude (xmax):
Maximum distance traveled by the pendulum from the equilibrium position to one side before changing its direction. For angle, it is denoted by θmax.

LAWS OF SIMPLE PENDULUM
➡️Law of mass:
The time period is independent of the mass of the bob.

➡️Law of length:
The time period is directly proportional to the square root of the length.

➡️Law of Iscochronism:
The time period is independent of the amplitude as long as the amplitude is small.

➡️Law of gravity:
The time period is inversely proportional to the square root of the acceleration due to gravity at that place.

Time Period of Simple Pendulum Derivation
Using the equation of motion,
T – mg cosθ = mv2L

The torque tends to bring the mass to its equilibrium position,

τ = mgL × sinθ
= mgsinθ × L
= I × α

For small angles of oscillations sin θ ≈ θ,
Therefore,
Iα = -mgLθ

α = -(mgLθ)/I

– ω02 θ = -(mgLθ)/I

ω02 = (mgL)/I

ω0 = √(mgL/I)

Using I = ML2, [where I denote the moment of inertia of bob]

we get, ω0 = √(g/L)

Therefore, the time period of a simple pendulum is given by,

T = 2π/ω0 = 2π × √(L/g)

ENERGY OF SIMPLE PENDULUM
Potential Energy
The potential energy is given by the basic equation

Potential energy = mgh

m is the mass of the object

g is the acceleration due to gravity

h is the height of the object

However, the movement of the pendulum is not free fall; it is constrained by the rod or string. The height is written in terms of angle θ and length L.

Thus,
h = L(1 – cosθ)

KINETIC ENERGY
The kinetic energy of the pendulum is given as K.E = (1/2) mv2

m is the mass of the pendulum

v is the velocity of the pendulum

At the highest point, the kinetic energy is zero, and it is maximum at the lowest point. However, the total energy as a function of time is constant.

Mechanical Energy of the Bob
In a simple pendulum, the mechanical energy of the simple pendulum is conserved.

E = KE + PE
= 1/2 mv2 + mgL (1 – cos θ) = constant

The Mind-Bending Fundamental Reason Why Light Refracts When Passing Through Different Optical Mediums!

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As shown in the attached diagram, we want to predict exactly which path a laser-light beam would take down through point A and the translucent medium beneath it, such that it hits the green line at exactly point B. We will use only the single most fundamental law of physics and the speed of light in each medium to explain fundamentally why the light takes this particular path between the two points.

Upon determining the exact path light should take between the two points, we could then easily determine the correct angle of incidence to shine the light through point A to hit point B and also the angle at which the light refracts when transitioning between the air and the translucent medium along this path. Most importantly, determining why the light travels along this path between the two points will also explain the mind-bending reason why refraction happens in the first place.

Before witnessing the phenomena of refraction, we might initially intuitively wonder that the path a light beam would take that passes through point A and then hits point B, would just be the shortest possible path between the two points, i.e. a straight line between them. After all, whenever light passes through one point in space then hits another point in space while traveling through a single medium (e.g. air), the path the light travels between the two points is always a straight line.

However in our more general case where the light travels through more than one medium that each have a different speed of light to each other, the path light takes through point A that hits point B is not the path that minimizes the travel distance (a straight line), but instead the path that minimizes the total travel time for the light compared to all other hypothetical paths between A and B that the light could have taken!

This logically follows directly from the most fundamental principle behind all physics, the principle of least action, which predicts that in all circumstances objects must always move along the path that minimizes an abstract mathematical quantity closely related to their energy called the object’s action. When the least action principle is applied to the behavior of light passing through mediums, we can use it to derive Fermat’s Principle of Least Time, which logically guarantees that light always follows the path that minimizes its total travel time between any two points, and allows us to precisely calculate what that path would be.

Therefore, astonishingly, because light travels slower through the translucent medium than through the air, the total travel time from A to B would be minimized if the light bends as it enters the slower light-speed medium (as shown on the diagram) so that it travels less distance through the medium with the slower light speed, and so it does, which is the fundamental reason why refraction occurs! The greater the difference in light-speed between the two mediums, the more sharply the light bends downward as it passes into the slower light-speed medium as to always follow the path that minimizes its total travel time between any two points it passes through.

October 20, 2025

Dear

I hope this message finds you well. On behalf of The Nigerian Institute Of Physics (NIP), I am delighted to extend to you an invitation to our upcoming 47th Annual Conference. This serves as an official invitation for you to join us at this event.

This Conference, themed "Smart Physics: A New Perspective for Technological Advancement" is scheduled to take place on May 11th - 15th, 2026

It is set to convene world-renowned professionals, experts, and thoughts leaders who are seeking to share insight, discuss emerging trends, and collective shape the future of our respective fields.

The invitation is a testament to your influence and expertise in your field. We believe that your unique perspective and insights would contribute immensely to the conference, making it event more rich and valuable.

We hope that the invitation will provide an opportunity for you to network with industry professionals, share your knowledge, and possibly collaborate on various projects or initiatives.

Should you need more information or assistance regarding this invitation or the conference, kindly feel free to reach out to us. We would be more than glad to provide you with the assistance you need.

We look forward to your positive consideration of our invitation and hope to welcome you at the conference.

Thanks

Dahiru Abdullahi Ohida
Acting Chairman,
NIP, Kogi State Chapter

Whatsapp me If you’re interested, I’ll send the PDF to you for free 🚀📘

Congratulations to all of us!
The Editorial Board thanks the President and Council of NIP for all their support
As we know in Physics, the energy to start is usually much more than the one to accelerate: So we are ready to move on with increased momentum.
The Editorial Board will commence the preparation of the Vol.2, S/N 1, January-March, 2026 ASAP.
All of us will help to provide the contents.
Please share

https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:EU:9424ce2a-211e-4f89-bdd7-e68c11db0ed8?comment_id=eeec9d02-74f5-4563-bfaf-39afc121c4c4

Scientists have found atomic anomalies that could point to a fifth force of nature hiding inside atome.

Physicists may be on the brink of discovering a fifth fundamental force of nature—one that could rewrite the laws of physics as we know them.

In a new study published in Physical Review Letters, researchers from Germany, Switzerland, and Australia studied the tiny energy jumps of electrons in five isotopes of calcium. These "atomic transitions" normally follow well-understood patterns under the Standard Model of physics.

But subtle irregularities in a specialized graph known as a King plot suggest that an unknown force may be nudging these electrons, potentially hinting at interactions beyond current scientific theory.

A leading suspect behind this anomaly is a hypothetical particle called the Yukawa boson, which could mediate a previously undetected force between neutrons and electrons within atoms.

The research significantly narrows the energy range where this force might operate—from 10 to 10 million electronvolts—laying crucial groundwork for future experimental tests. Though the results aren't yet conclusive, they edge scientists closer to evidence of a fifth force—one that could help solve major cosmic mysteries such as the nature of dark matter and why the universe contains more matter than antimatter.

paper
Wilzewski, A., et al. (2025). Nonlinear Calcium King Plot Constrains New Bosons and Nuclear Properties. Physical Review

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