English Without Tears

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Shehu I. Shamaki, Hudallah Kabeer Muhammad, Jidda M Ali, Nura Bello, Jabir Shafi'u, Abubakar Sadik, Tahir Auwal, Basisru A Nasiru Shinaka, Parteema Abubakar, Avvër Sãräwà, Mamman Adamu, Shafiu Dauda, Ahmad Adamu, Khaulat M Abdulazeez, Ibrahim Namanako Abubakar Zaki, Yushau Karma, Æhméd Wãl Ættøm, Adamu Muhd Hassan, Al'Ameen Almusty, Hauwa'u Ahmad Musa, Call Mie Dan Mãmã, Lawan Ibrahim, Oladapo Olalekan Olagunju, Abdul Madaki, Lawal Rukayya Almustapha, Musa Hassan, Muhammad Kabeer, Hassan Ismail Umar, Eserh Abdulkadir Eserh Alhaji, Adedoja Adeyoola Olayiwola, Sabiu Yahaya, Musa Yusuf Abubakar, Ismail Adam, Salisu Iliyasu, Khadeejerht Alameen

Types of Action Verbs

There are two types of action verbs:

Transitive Verbs
Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb expresses an action directed towards a person, place or thing. The action expressed by a transitive verb passes from the doer or the subject to the receiver of the action. Words that receive the action of a transitive verb are called objects.

For example:

The teacher made the question paper.
Peter cut the cake.
In the above two sentences, we can see that the words in green colour ‘the question paper‘ and ‘the cake‘ complete the sense of the sentence or work as objects. The two sentences would not make complete sense without the objects.

The teacher made ……………….. what? (the question paper)
Peter cut ……………….. what? (the cake)
In the above sentences, the verbs ‘made‘ and ‘cut‘ are transitive verbs. A transitive verb needs a direct object to complete its meaning.

Example Sentences of Transitive Verb
Birds have feathers.
The teacher praised the pupil.
She is eating a pear.
I like English.
They are playing football.
The potter has made a beautiful pot.
Dennis bought a bicycle.
She is writing an essay.
Intransitive Verbs
A verb which does not need an object to make complete sense is called an intransitive verb. An intransitive verb expresses action (or tells something about the subject) without the action passing to a receiver or object. It can stand alone in the predicate because its meaning is complete.

Example Sentences of Intransitive Verb
Mr. Becker jogs every day.
The wicked hunter was hiding.
Anne looks very beautiful.
Mr. John speaks loudly.
The ship sank rapidly.
The department store opens at six o’clock.
Mr. Ben is driving carefully.
The wind blew strongly.
Interesting Grammar Facts about Verbs

To determine if a verb is transitive, ask yourself ‘Who?’ or ‘What?’ after the verb. If you can find an answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive.

Some verbs are always intransitive, such as: to snore or to fall. It is incorrect to say: She snores her nose.

For example: She snores a lot. In this example ‘a lot’ is not an object but an adverb. It doesn’t represent what the person snores but rather how or how much she snores.

Some verbs are always transitive, such as to recognise or to merit. It is somewhat incorrect to say: “Ah, yes, I recognise” or she certainly does merit.

Double Object
Some transitive verbs have two objects. Those things that you do for someone or you give to someone are called direct objects. The person who receives the thing is called the indirect object.

Examples of Double Object
The manager gave her the money.
Mother is reading Michael a story.
Nancy baked a cake for me.
Can you fetch me a cup and a plate?
In above examples:

Stores Learn Topic
Receives Index
Verbs: ‘gave, reading, baked and fetch’.
Indirect object: ‘her, Michael, me, me’.
Direct object: ‘money, story, cake, cup and a plate’.

VERBS
WHAT IS A VERB?

VERB MEANING / DEFINITION

A VERB IS A DOING WORD THAT SHOWS AN ACTION, AN EVENT OR A STATE. A SENTENCE MAY EITHER HAVE A MAIN VERB, A HELPING VERB OR BOTH. IN OTHER WORDS, A VERB IS A WORD THAT INFORMS ABOUT AN ACTION, AN EXISTENCE OF SOMETHING OR AN OCCURRENCE. THE VERB IS THE MAIN WORD IN A SENTENCE. NO SENTENCE CAN BE COMPLETED WITHOUT A VERB.

THE WORD ‘VERB’ DERIVED FROM THE LATIN WORD ‘VERBUM‘.

TYPES OF VERBS

MAIN VERBS (OR ACTION VERBS)
HELPING VERBS
LINKING VERBS
– TRANSITIVE VERBS
– INTRANSITIVE VERBS
MAIN VERBS OR ACTION VERBS

MAIN VERBS OR ACTION VERBS ARE USED TO EXPRESS ACTION; SOMETHING THAT AN ANIMAL, A PERSON OR A THING DOES. IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES, WE ONLY HAVE A MAIN VERB.

THE SUN SHINES.
THE HORSE NEIGHS.
THE MONKEY JUMPS.
HELPING VERBS

AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, HELPING VERBS HELP OR SUPPORT THE MAIN VERB.

WE ARE LEARNING ABOUT HELPING VERBS. (ARE: HELPING VERB; LEARNING: MAIN VERB)
WE ARE IN THE GREEN HOUSE CLUB. (ARE: HELPING VERB)
YOU SHOULD COMPLETE THE WORK BY TOMORROW. (SHOULD: HELPING VERB; COMPLETE: MAIN VERB)
STATE OF BEING VERBS (LINKING VERBS)

STATE OF BEING VERBS STATE THAT SOMETHING ‘IS’. STATE OF BEING VERBS ALSO KNOWN AS LINKING VERBS. LINKING VERBS EXPLAIN A LINK BETWEEN THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE AND A NOUN OR ADJECTIVE BEING LINKED TO IT.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
THE FLOWERS ARE BRIGHT.
DIAMOND IS THE HARDEST SUBSTANCE.
I FEEL SCARED.
UNDERSTANDING VERBS

THE WORDS: AM, IS, ARE, WAS, AND WERE, BELONG TO THE VERB “TO BE”. WE USE ‘AM’ OR ‘WAS’ WITH THE PRONOUN ‘I’. WE USE ‘IS’ OR ‘WAS’ WHEN THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE IS SINGULAR. WE USE ‘ARE’ OR ‘WERE’ WHEN THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE IS PLURAL.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
I WAS LATE FOR SCHOOL YESTERDAY.
I AM TWELVE YEARS OLD.
SHE IS A WONDERFUL SINGER.
THESE QUESTIONS ARE DIFFICULT.
HE WAS PLANNING TO MEET THE DOCTOR.
THE HOLLYWOOD ACTORS ARE FAMOUS.
THEY WERE WINNERS LAST YEAR.
IT IS A GREAT FEELING TO WIN THE TROPHY.
WE USE ‘IS‘ WITH SINGULAR NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ‘HE, SHE, IT‘.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
MY SCHOOL IS NEAR MY HOUSE.
THIS RESTAURANT IS CLOSING DOWN.
SHE IS WRITING A POSTCARD.
DOG IS A FAITHFUL ANIMAL.
OTTAWA IS THE CAPITAL OF CANADA.
HE IS ACTING STRANGE TODAY.
WE USE ‘ARE‘ WITH PLURAL NOUNS AND PRONOUNS ‘WE, YOU, THEY‘.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
THE BALLOONS ARE COLOURFUL.
THEY ARE BEST FRIENDS.
THE KITES ARE FLYING HIGH IN THE SKY.
THEY ARE PLANNING TO GO BY TRAIN.
WE ARE GOING TO WIN THE MATCH.
YOU ARE WRITING SO UNTIDILY!
WE USE ‘ARE‘ WHEN WE JOIN TWO OR MORE NOUNS.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
JOHN AND SAM ARE BROTHERS.
JOSEPH AND WE ARE NEIGHBOURS.
ANNE AND SUE ARE ENJOYING THE PLAY.
SHARON AND JENNY ARE COMPETING FOR THE GOLD MEDAL.
MRS. AND MR. LEE ARE PLANNING TO VISIT NEW ZEALAND.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO TAKE CARE OF THE SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT WHILE FRAMING A SENTENCE. IT IS VERY IMPORTANT THAT A VERB MUST BE COMPATIBLE AND AGREE WITH ITS SUBJECT TO MAKE A CORRECT AND VALID SENTENCE.

LET US UNDERSTAND WITH THE HELP OF AN EXAMPLE.

IF WE WRITE:

PHIL IS PLAYING WITH A BALL. (CORRECT)!
PHIL ARE PLAYING WITH A BALL. (INCORRECT) X
IN THE FIRST SENTENCE, THE SUBJECT (PHIL) IS SINGULAR, SO WE NEED A SINGULAR VERB (IS PLAYING). THE SENTENCE IS CORRECT. IN THE SECOND SENTENCE, THE SUBJECT (PHIL) IS SINGULAR, BUT THE VERB IS PLURAL (ARE PLAYING). THE SENTENCE IS INCORRECT.

RULES OF SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT

RULE 1 – SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH A SINGULAR NOUN
IF THE SUBJECT IS A SINGULAR NOUN OR A PRONOUN (HE, I, SHE, IT), WE MUST ENSURE THAT WE USE A SINGULAR VERB TO WRITE A CORRECT SENTENCE.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
SHE IS PLAYING THE GUITAR.
THE POSTMAN IS ASKING FOR YOUR SIGNATURE.
THE MOVIE HAS CAUGHT EVERYONE’S ATTENTION.
DOES HE KNOW THE MINISTER WELL?
SHE IS CHEERING THE TEAM.
HE ENJOYS MUSIC.
MY MOM DRIVES CAREFULLY.
THE MOON REVOLVES ROUND THE EARTH.
IS IT RAINING?
RULE 2 – SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH PLURAL NOUN
IF THE SUBJECT IS PLURAL (WE, THEY, THOSE, YOU), WE NEED A PLURAL VERB TO WRITE A CORRECT SENTENCE.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
THE BOYS WERE DANCING IN THE CORRIDOR.
THE CHILDREN ARE PLAYING IN THE GARDEN.
THE STUDENTS WERE WRITING THEIR EXAM.
TWO OF OUR GIRLS HAVE WON THE QUIZ.
WE HAVE FINISHED OUR HOMEWORK.
BOTH THE BOYS HAVE WORKED HARD.
PHILIP AND LUKE ARE SWIMMING.
THE TEACHERS ARE CORRECTING THE ANSWER SHEETS.
FARMERS WORK IN THE FIELDS.
RULE 3 – SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH COLLECTIVE NOUNS
THE COLLECTIVE NOUNS ARE CONSIDERED AS SINGULAR. WE USE SINGULAR VERBS WITH THEM.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
THE CROWD WAS VERY NOISY.
OUR TEAM HAS TO WIN THE MATCH.
THE AUDIENCE IS HAVING A GALA TIME.
THE BAND IS PLAYING THE SCHOOL SONG.
THE CHOIR IS SINGING BEAUTIFULLY.
MY FAMILY IS FROM POLAND.
OUR CRICKET TEAM IS THE BEST IN THE WHOLE TOWN.
A BOUQUET OF FLOWERS WAS PRESENTED TO THE CHIEF GUEST.
RULE 4 – SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH ‘EITHER/OR’ OR ‘NEITHER/NOR’
THE VERB MUST AGREE WITH THE NOUN OR THE PRONOUN THAT IS CLOSER TO ‘EITHER/OR’ OR ‘NEITHER/NOR’.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
NEITHER HE NOR I AM GUILTY.
NEITHER BOB NOR HIS FRIENDS WANT THE PARTY.
EITHER YOU OR YOUR SISTER IS TELLING A LIE.
EITHER NANCY OR MARY IS TYPING THE LETTER.
NEITHER JULIA NOR HER PARENTS KNOW THE WAY TO THE PASSPORT OFFICE.
RULE 5 – SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT WITH INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS LIKE ‘NOBODY’, ‘EVERYBODY’, ‘SOMEONE’, ‘SOMEBODY’, ‘ONE’ ARE ALWAYS SINGULAR.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
EVERYBODY IS LIKING THE NEW CAR.
SOMEONE IS CALLING FOR YOU.
NOBODY IS ALLOWED TO ENTER THAT ROOM.
EVERYBODY LIKES MRS. OLA, THE NEW HISTORY TEACHER.
ONE OF THE PASSENGERS WAS ASKING FOR TOMATO SOUP.
SOMEBODY IS KNOCKING AT THE DOOR.
RULE 6
WE USE SINGULAR VERBS FOR UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS.

LIST OF EXAMPLE SENTENCES
THERE IS SUFFICIENT FOOD IN THE REFRIGERATOR.
COLD WEATHER IS A PROBLEM IN THIS PART OF THE COUNTRY.
SUGAR IS YET TO GET OVER IN THE CONTAINER.
SALT IS OBTAINED FROM SEA WATER.
MILK WITH CORNFLAKES IS ONE OF MY FAVOURITE BREAKFAST OPTIONS.
RULE 7
A PLURAL NOUN TAKES A SINGULAR VERB WHEN IT IS A NAME SUCH AS PARIS, CHINA, ARABIAN NIGHTS, AND SO ON.

CHINA IS THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRY.
NORWAY IS A VERY COLD COUNTRY.
‘THE POWER OF POSITIVE TALK’ IS A GOOD BOOK.

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Abstract Nouns

5th grade6th grade7th grade8th grade9th grade10th grade11th grade12th gradeElementary SchoolMiddle SchoolHigh SchoolCollege

Abstract nouns are a type of noun that you can't see or touch. A noun is a person, place or thing. However, in many cases, that 'thing' may be an intangible concept, or an abstract form of noun.
In this instance, abstract refers to something that exists apart from concrete existence. An abstract noun may include an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, feeling, or other entity that can't be experienced with the five senses.

Recognizing When a Noun Is Abstract

Concrete nouns are people, places, or things that we can experience with our five senses. The abstract class of noun is the opposite. We can't experience these nouns with our senses. If a noun is abstract, it describes something you can't see, hear, touch, taste, or smell.
It can be difficult to recognize when a noun is abstract because there are so many words that can function in different ways. For example, some words might function as verbs in some cases and abstract nouns in other cases. Love and taste are two examples.

I love my husband. [In this sentence, the word love expresses an action and is, therefore, acting as a verb.]

Send them my love. [In this sentence, the word love functions as an abstract noun because it is a thing that exists beyond the five senses.]

Sarah could taste cilantro in the salsa. [In this sentence, the auxiliary verb "could" functions with "taste" to illustrate action. She can physically taste the salsa.]

Sarah has great taste in clothes. [In this sentence, taste functions in an abstract manner. Taste refers to her preferences.]

Common Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns can be countable or uncountable (mass). They can also be singular or possessive. Abstract nouns follow the same grammar rules as other nouns. Let's take a look at common examples, broken out by category.

Emotions/Feelings

Love

Hate

Anger

Pe

Abstract nouns are a type of noun that you can't see or touch. A noun is a person, place or thing. However, in many cases, that 'thing' may be an intangible concept, or an abstract form of noun.
In this instance, abstract refers to something that exists apart from concrete existence. An abstract noun may include an aspect, concept, idea, experience, state of being, trait, quality, feeling, or other entity that can't be experienced with the five senses.

Recognizing When a Noun Is Abstract

Concrete nouns are people, places, or things that we can experience with our five senses. The abstract class of noun is the opposite. We can't experience these nouns with our senses. If a noun is abstract, it describes something you can't see, hear, touch, taste, or smell.
It can be difficult to recognize when a noun is abstract because there are so many words that can function in different ways. For example, some words might function as verbs in some cases and abstract nouns in other cases. Love and taste are two examples.

I love my husband. [In this sentence, the word love expresses an action and is, therefore, acting as a verb.]

Send them my love. [In this sentence, the word love functions as an abstract noun because it is a thing that exists beyond the five senses.]

Sarah could taste cilantro in the salsa. [In this sentence, the auxiliary verb "could" functions with "taste" to illustrate action. She can physically taste the salsa.]

Sarah has great taste in clothes. [In this sentence, taste functions in an abstract manner. Taste refers to her preferences.]

Common Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns can be countable or uncountable (mass). They can also be singular or possessive. Abstract nouns follow the same grammar rules as other nouns. Let's take a look at common examples, broken out by category.

Emotions/Feelings

Love

Hate

Anger

Peace

Pride

Sympathy

States/Attributes

Bravery

Loyalty

Honesty

Integrity

Compassion

Charity

Success

Courage

Deceit

Skill

Beauty

Interrogative adverbs

The interrogative adverbs why, where, how, & when are placed at the beginning of a question. These questions can be answered with a sentence or a prepositional phrase. After an interrogative adverb in a question, you must invert the subject and verb so that the verb comes first.
Examples

Why are you so late? There was a lot of traffic.
Where is my passport? In the drawer.
How are you? I'm fine.
When does the train arrive? At 11:15.

Uses of how

How can be used to form questions in four different ways. How can be used by itself to mean "in what way".
Examples

How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the car?
How can I get to your house?

How can be used with adjectives to ask about the degree of an attribute.
Examples

How tall are you?
How old is your house?
How angry is mother?

How can be used with much and many to ask about quantity. Much is used with uncountable nouns and many is used with countable nouns.
Examples

How many people are coming to the party?
How much flour do I need?
How much are these tomatoes?

How can be used with other adverbs to ask about the frequency or degree of an action.
Examples

How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to London?
How loudly does your brother scream?

Relative adverbs

The relative adverbs where, when & why can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace the more formal structure of preposition + which used to introduce a relative clause.
Formal structure, preposition + which More common stucture using a relative adverb
That's the restaurant in which we met for the first time. That's the restaurant where we met for the first time.
That picture was taken in the park at which I used to play. That picture was taken in the park where I used to play.
I remember the day on which we first met. I remember the day when we first met.
There was a very hot summer the year in which he was born. There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.
Tell me the reason for which you came home late. Tell me (the reason) why you came home late.
Do you want to know the reason for which he is angry with Sally? Do you want to know (the reason) why he is angry with Sally?

Viewpoint and commenting adverbs

There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action. These adverbs are different from other adverbs because they do not tell us how an action occurred. Commenting and viewpoint adverbs modify entire clauses rather than single verbs, adverbs, or adjectives. There is no real distinction between commenting adverbs and viewpoint adverbs, except in their sentence placement. Many adverbs that can be used as viewpoint adverbs can also be used as commenting adverbs. However, in some cases, an adverb is far more common as one or the other.
Sentence placement

Viewpoint adverbs are placed at the beginning, or more rarely, at the end of the sentence. They are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Commenting adverbs are placed before the main verb unless the verb "to be" is used, in which case placement can be either before or after the verb. In some cases, commenting adverbs placed before the main verb will also be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, although in most cases they will not be. In the examples below, viewpoint and commenting adverbs are shown in the correct sentence placements. When a sentence placement is unusual, stilted, or too formal for spoken language, it is marked with an asterisk.
Viewpoint or commenting adverb At the start of a sentence Before the main verb At the end of a sentence
clearly Clearly, he doesn't know what he is doing. He clearly doesn't know what he is doing. He doesn't know what he is doing, clearly.
obviously Obviously, you are acting silly. You are obviously acting silly You are acting silly, obviously.
personally Personally, I'd rather go by train. I'd personally rather go by train. I'd rather go by train, personally.
presumably Presumably, he didn't have time to go to the post office. He presumably didn't have time to go to the post office. He didn't have time to go to the post office, presumably.
seriously Seriously, I can't give this speech. I seriously can't give this speech. I can't give this speech, seriously.
surely Surely you tried to get here on time. You surely tried to get here on time. You tried to get here on time, surely.
technically Technically, we cannot fly to Mars and back. We technically cannot fly to Mars and back. We cannot fly to Mars and back, technically.
undoubtedly Undoubtedly, he has a good reason not to come. He undoubtedly has a good reason not to come. He has a good reason not to come, undoubtedly.
bravely Bravely, I kept on walking. I bravely kept on walking. *I kept on walking, bravely.
carelessly Carelessly, she threw her book into the pond. She carelessly threw her book into the pond. *She threw her book into the pond, carelessly.
certainly Certainly you should be there. You certainly should be there. / You should certainly be there. You should be there, certainly.
cleverly Cleverly, Sally hid the jellybeans. Sally cleverly hid the jellybeans. *Sally hid the jellybeans, cleverly.
definitely *Definitely, you are smart. You defintely are smart. / You are definitely smart. *You are smart, definitely.
foolishly Foolishly, they cried out. They foolishly cried out. They cried out, foolishly.
generously Generously, he donated the money. He generously donated the money. *He donated the money, generously.
stupidly Stupidly, they played in the street. They stupidly played in the street. *They played in the street, stupidly.
obviously Obviously, we are lost. We are obviously lost. / *We obviously are lost. We are lost, obviously.
kindly Kindly, she fed the cat first. She kindly fed the cat first. She fed the cat first, kindly.
luckily Luckily, you got here on time. You luckily got here on time. You got here on time, luckily.
fortunately Fortunately, we found the boat. We fortunately found the boat. We found the boat, fortunately.
naturally Naturally, you cannot be in the circus now. You naturally cannot be in the circus now. You cannot be in the circus now, naturally.
wisely Wisely, she stayed home to take a nap. She wisely stayed home to take a nap. She stayed home to take a nap, wisely.
confidentially Confidentially, I never gave him the envelope. I never gave him the envelope, confidentially.
theoretically Theoretically, we could send astronauts to Mars. We could theoretically send astronauts to Mars. / We theoretically could send astronauts to Mars. We could send astronauts to Mars, theoretically.
truthfully Truthfully, I don't like chocolate much. I truthfully don't like chocolate much. I don't like chocolate much, truthfully.
disappointingly Disappointingly, she got fourth place. She disappointingly got fourth place. She got fourth place, disappointingly.
thoughtfully Thoughtfully, I turned away. I thoughtfully turned away. I turned away, thoughtfully.
simply *Simply, I don't want to come. I simply don't want to come.
unbelievably Unbelievably, she showed up late again. She unbelievably showed up late again. She showed up late again, unbelievably.
unfortunately Unfortunately, there is no more room. There is unfortunately no more room. / There unfortunately is no more room. There is no more room, unfortunately.

Adverbs of certainty

Adverbs of certainty express how certain we feel about an action or event. Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb unless the main verb is 'to be', in which case the adverb of certainty goes after.
Examples

He definitely left the house this morning.
He surely won't forget.
He is probably in the park.
He is certainly a smart man.

If there is an auxiliary verb, the adverb of certainty goes between the auxiliary and the main verb.
Examples

He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
He will probably remember tomorrow.
He is definitely running late.

Sometimes these adverbs of certainty can be placed at the beginning of the sentence.
Examples

Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
Certainly, I will be there.
Probably, he has forgotten the meeting.

When the adverb of certainty surely is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation.
Examples

Surely you've got a bicycle.
Surely you're not going to wear that to the party.

Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Usage of "enough"

Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.
Enough as an adverb

Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative sentences.
Examples

Is your coffee hot enough?
This box isn't big enough.
He didn't work hard enough.
I got here early enough.

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
She's not old enough to get married.
I got here early enough to sign up.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The dress was big enough for me.
She's not experienced enough for this job.
Is the coffee hot enough for you?
He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.

Enough as a determiner

Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
Examples

We have enough bread.
You have enough children.
They don't have enough food.
I don't have enough apples.

Usage of "too"

"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too meaning "also"

Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
Examples

I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Can I go to the zoo too?
Is this gift for me too?
I'm not going to clean your room too!

Too meaning "excessively"

Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples

This coffee is too hot.
He works too hard.
Isn't she too young?
I am not too short!

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

The coffee was too hot to drink.
You're too young to have grandchildren!
I am not too tired to go out tonight.
Don't you work too hard to have any free time?

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The coffee was too hot for me.
The dress was too small for her.
He's not too old for this job.
Sally's not too slow for our team.

Usage of "very"

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Examples

The girl was very beautiful.
The house is very expensive.
He worked very quickly.
She runs very fast.

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
Examples
Original phrase Opposite meaning with "not" Opposite meaning with "not very" Opposite meaning with an opposite word
The girl was beautiful. The girl was not beautiful. The girl was not very beautiful. The girl was ugly.
He worked quickly. He did not work quickly. He did not work very quickly. He worked slowly.
Difference in meaning between "very" and "too"

There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.
Examples

He speaks very quickly.
He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
It is very hot outside.
It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

Other adverbs used like "very"

Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of adjectives and adverbs.
Expressing very strong feelings Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat doubtful feelings
extremely, terribly, amazingly, wonderfully, insanely especially, particularly, uncommonly, unusually, remarkably, quite pretty, rather, fairly, not especially, not particularly
The movie was amazingly interesting. The movie was particularly interesting. The movie was fairly interesting.
She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly boring. The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather boring.
Inversion with negative adverbs

Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking.
Adverb Normal word order Inversion
Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not only She did not only the cooking but the cleaning as well. Not only did she do the cooking, but the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he started talking. Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset.Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Usage of "enough"

Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.
Enough as an adverb

Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative sentences.
Examples

Is your coffee hot enough?
This box isn't big enough.
He didn't work hard enough.
I got here early enough.

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
She's not old enough to get married.
I got here early enough to sign up.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The dress was big enough for me.
She's not experienced enough for this job.
Is the coffee hot enough for you?
He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.

Enough as a determiner

Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
Examples

We have enough bread.
You have enough children.
They don't have enough food.
I don't have enough apples.

Usage of "too"

"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too meaning "also"

Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
Examples

I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Can I go to the zoo too?
Is this gift for me too?
I'm not going to clean your room too!

Too meaning "excessively"

Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples

This coffee is too hot.
He works too hard.
Isn't she too young?
I am not too short!

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

The coffee was too hot to drink.
You're too young to have grandchildren!
I am not too tired to go out tonight.
Don't you work too hard to have any free time?

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The coffee was too hot for me.
The dress was too small for her.
He's not too old for this job.
Sally's not too slow for our team.

Usage of "very"

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Examples

The girl was very beautiful.
The house is very expensive.
He worked very quickly.
She runs very fast.

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
Examples
Original phrase Opposite meaning with "not" Opposite meaning with "not very" Opposite meaning with an opposite word
The girl was beautiful. The girl was not beautiful. The girl was not very beautiful. The girl was ugly.
He worked quickly. He did not work quickly. He did not work very quickly. He worked slowly.
Difference in meaning between "very" and "too"

There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.
Examples

He speaks very quickly.
He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
It is very hot outside.
It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

Other adverbs used like "very"

Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of adjectives and adverbs.
Expressing very strong feelings Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat doubtful feelings
extremely, terribly, amazingly, wonderfully, insanely especially, particularly, uncommonly, unusually, remarkably, quite pretty, rather, fairly, not especially, not particularly
The movie was amazingly interesting. The movie was particularly interesting. The movie was fairly interesting.
She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly boring. The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather boring.
Inversion with negative adverbs

Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking.
Adverb Normal word order Inversion
Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not only She did not only the cooking but the cleaning as well. Not only did she do the cooking, but the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he started talking. Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset.Adverbs of degree

Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before the adjective, adverb, or verb that they modify, although there are some exceptions. The words "too", "enough", "very", and "extremely" are examples of adverbs of degree.
Adverb of degree Modifying Example
extremely adjective The water was extremely cold.
quite adjective The movie is quite interesting.
just verb He was just leaving.
almost verb She has almost finished.
very adverb She is running very fast.
too adverb You are walking too slowly.
enough adverb You are running fast enough.
Usage of "enough"

Enough can be used as both an adverb and as a determiner.
Enough as an adverb

Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after the adjective or adverb that it is modifying, and not before it as other adverbs do. It can be used both in positive and negative sentences.
Examples

Is your coffee hot enough?
This box isn't big enough.
He didn't work hard enough.
I got here early enough.

Enough is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
Is your coffee hot enough to drink?
She's not old enough to get married.
I got here early enough to sign up.

Enough can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The dress was big enough for me.
She's not experienced enough for this job.
Is the coffee hot enough for you?
He didn't work hard enough for a promotion.

Enough as a determiner

Enough as a determiner meaning 'as much/many as necessary' goes before the noun it modifies. It is used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns.
Examples

We have enough bread.
You have enough children.
They don't have enough food.
I don't have enough apples.

Usage of "too"

"Too" is always an adverb, but it has two distinct meanings, each with its own usage patterns.
Too meaning "also"

Too as an adverb meaning "also" goes at the end of the phrase it modifies.
Examples

I would like to go swimming too, if you will let me come.
Can I go to the zoo too?
Is this gift for me too?
I'm not going to clean your room too!

Too meaning "excessively"

Too as an adverb meaning "excessively" goes before the adjective or adverb it modifies. It can be used in both affirmative and negative sentences.
Examples

This coffee is too hot.
He works too hard.
Isn't she too young?
I am not too short!

Too is often followed by "to" + the infinitive.
Examples

The coffee was too hot to drink.
You're too young to have grandchildren!
I am not too tired to go out tonight.
Don't you work too hard to have any free time?

Too can also be followed by "for someone" or "for something".
Examples

The coffee was too hot for me.
The dress was too small for her.
He's not too old for this job.
Sally's not too slow for our team.

Usage of "very"

Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
Examples

The girl was very beautiful.
The house is very expensive.
He worked very quickly.
She runs very fast.

If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using "not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
Examples
Original phrase Opposite meaning with "not" Opposite meaning with "not very" Opposite meaning with an opposite word
The girl was beautiful. The girl was not beautiful. The girl was not very beautiful. The girl was ugly.
He worked quickly. He did not work quickly. He did not work very quickly. He worked slowly.
Difference in meaning between "very" and "too"

There is a big difference in meaning between "too" and "very". "Very" expresses a fact while "too" suggests there is a problem.
Examples

He speaks very quickly.
He speaks too quickly for me to understand.
It is very hot outside.
It is too hot outside to go for a walk.

Other adverbs used like "very"

Some common adverbs are used in the same way as "very" to heighten the degree of adjectives and adverbs.
Expressing very strong feelings Expressing strong feelings Expressing somewhat doubtful feelings
extremely, terribly, amazingly, wonderfully, insanely especially, particularly, uncommonly, unusually, remarkably, quite pretty, rather, fairly, not especially, not particularly
The movie was amazingly interesting. The movie was particularly interesting. The movie was fairly interesting.
She sang wonderfully well. She sang unusually well. She sang pretty well.
The lecture was terribly boring. The lecture was quite boring. The lecture was rather boring.
Inversion with negative adverbs

Normally the subject goes before the verb, however, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion when placed at the beginning of the clause. The order is reversed and the verb goes before the subject. This inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking.
Adverb Normal word order Inversion
Never I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
Rarely She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
Not only She did not only the cooking but the cleaning as well. Not only did she do the cooking, but the cleaning as well.
Scarcely I scarcely closed the door before he started talking. Scarcely did I close the door before he started talking.
Seldom We seldom cross the river after sunset. Seldom do we cross the river sunset.