https://www.youtube.com/@microbiologydaharshenhausa3144, https://www.youtube.com/@microbiologydaharshenhausa3144

Microbiology Da Harshen Hausa, Janbango katsina, Katsina (2026)

28/03/2026

46
Culture medium part 6
✳️ Classification Based on Function
Wannan shine rabe raben da ake amfani dasu na karshe wajen rarrabe abincin da kananun halittu ke rayuwa. Wannan rabe raben ana amfani dashi ne ta hanyar amfanin shi kansa abinci. Misali idan muka dauki mutane zamu iya cewa abincin su yarabu gida shidda abinci mai gina jiki,gyara fata,Kara Mai,Bitamin, da sauransu. (carbohydrate, protein,fat and oil, vitamin, mineral, and water) To haka ma a bangaren kananun halittu (microorganisms) muna amfani da wannan rabe raben sai dai yasha banban dana mutane ga sunan k**ar haka.
▪️General media or Basal media
▪️Selective media
▪️Differential media
▪️ Selective and differential media
▪️ Enriched media
▪️ Enrichment medium
▪️ Transport media
▪️ Anaerobic media
▪️Assay media
▪️ Storage media (Maintenance media)

Wainnan sune jerin abincin da muke amfani dasu wajen kiwata kananun halittu zamu dauke su daya bayan daya muyi bayani tare da Bada misalai da Kuma hotuna yadda zai taimaka wajen saukin ganewa.

Arika yimana share na rubutun mu Dan sauran dalibai su amfana

16/03/2026

45
Culture medium part 5
✳️ Classification based on chemical composition
KARIN BAYANI
K**ar yadda mukace a karatu na gaba zamuyi bayani kan chemical composition to ga bayanin k**ar haka.
❇️Natural media
❇️ Semisynthetic media
❇️ Synthetic media.
MIYASA BAASAN ADADIN CHEMICAL DIN DAKE A CIKIN NATURAL MEDIA BA?
Dalibai dayawa basusan amsar wannan tambayar ba wanda hakan kesawa wani lokaci idan Kai karatun harda karasa minene amsar Amman indai k**aida hankali ka fahimci wannan karatun to tabbas zaka iya ganewa Kuma ka rarrabe batare da matsala ba. Dalilin shine k**ar haka
Duk inda kaji ance abu natural ne ana nufin abune wanda yake ba mutun ya samar dashi ba kawai yasamu ne daga ubangiji. Misali idan ka dauki
▪️Madara (Milk)
▪️ Fitsari (Urine)
▪️Jini (Blood)
▪️Nama (Meat)
▪️Ruwan tumatari (Tomato juice)
Idan ka dauki madara ko fitsari ko jini ko nama duka sinadaran daza asamu daga wannan halittun zuwa wannan halittun zasu iya banbanta shiyasa ake cewa baasan adadin sinadaran dake ciki ba dalilan sune k**ar haka
▪️Idan shekarun dabbobin da aka dau madarar su milk sunsha banban misali yaran dabbobi,tsofaffin dabbobi, matasan dabbobi ko dabbobi marasa lafiya.
▪️Idan jini da aka dauka a matsayin sample na mutane ko wasu halittu suma idan ya kasance halittun nada ciki ko Basu da lafiya ko kuma shekarunsu yasha banban ana samun canje canje na sinadaran da ake samu a jikin su
▪️Kana idan sample din da aka dauka ya kwana ko yakara wasu awowi shima sinadaran na canzawa.
▪️Sai yanayin abincin da halittun ke ci shima Yana sawa sinadaran su canza
▪️ Sai yanayin wajen zama shima sinadaran na canzawar saboda canjin yanayi da sauransu. Idan kaduba wannan bayanin to wannan na daga cikin dalilan da zaisa bazaaiya fadin adadin sinadaran dake cikin wannan abincin wanda zakaiya kiwata kananun halittu.
MIYASA AKASAN ADADIN WASU DAGA CIKIN SINADARAN DAKE A CIKIN SEMISYNTHETIC MEDIA BAASAN WASU BA??
Dalilin dayasa akasan wasu sinadaran baasan wasu ba shine. Wannan abincin na kiwon halittun nan yana dauke da abubuwan halitta wato (natural) wanda s**a hada da
Peptone
Yeast extract
Beef extract
▪️Wainnan abubuwan sun fito ne daga cikin jiki ko Kuma tsirrai (Animal or plant) shiyasa suke dauke da sinadarai masu yawa dakuma gauraye
▪️A lokacin da ake sarrafa su ana samun
Wani sinadari ko bangare na protein ,(Amino acid and peptides), bitamin (vitamins) sinadarin suga (carbohydrate) da kuma miniral (minerals) shiyasa baasan su gaba daya ba kuma yana canzawa.
MIYASA AKASAN DUK SINADARAN DAKE CIKIN SYNTHETIC MEDIA???
Dalilin dayasa akasan sinadaran dake cikin synthetic media shine duka sinadaran aunasu akayi a dakin bincike (laboratory) ansan adadin da akai amfani kana kuma basu dauke da sinadarin
peptones
Yeast extract
Beef extract
Shiyasa akasan adadin saboda ana amfani da pure chemical misali idan muka dauki M9 minimal medium tana dauke da sinadarai k**ar haka
* glucose
* Na₂HPO₄
* KH₂PO₄
* NaCl
* NH₄Cl
* MgSO₄
* CaCl₂
To kaga wannan duka sunadarai ne da aka aunasu akasan adadinsu.
MIYASA WANI LOKACI WANNAN CLASSIFICATION DIN BAA AMBATARSA DA CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION??
A wasu lokuta wanan classification din ana canza Masa suna da classification based on simple and complex media mai makon a kirasa da based on chemical composition.
Dalibai dayawa na rikicewa tare da tunani mi ake nufi shin Abu daya ake magana akai ko yasha banban.
A zahiri duk abu daya ake magana kawai dai idan ka fahimci wannan karatun to kariga kagane amsar.
Natura media da semi semisynthetic media kusan in kalura banbancin baidawa natural baasan adadin sinadaran ba semi synthetic ansan wasu baasan wasu ba to kaga duka kusan Abu Daya ne baasan ainahin adadin ba wannan dalilin yasa ake kiransu da complex media. Shikuma synthetic ansan ko wane adadin saboda sai da aka auna aka tabbatar shi Kuma ana ce masa simple media maana ansan sinadaran cikin sauki. Kana kuma ana ce mata defined media.
Nan zamutsaya sai mun hadu a karatu na gaba

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07/03/2026

44
Culture medium
Part 4
✳️ Classification based on Chemical composition
Wannan shine tsari na biyu da ake amfani dashi wajen rarraba abincin da ake bawa kananun halittu.
K**ar yadda aka sani idan akace physical ana magana ne akan duk wani Abu da zaa iya gani da ido ko kaiya tabawa shikuma chemical Yana da alaka ne da sinadarai.
Yanzu zamushiga Kai tsaye kan karatun.
Ana raba abincin da ake bawa kananun halittu ta bangaren sinadaran dake dauke a cikin abincin zuwa gida ukku (chemical composition)
▪️ Natural media
▪️Semi synthetic media
▪️ Synthetic media
⚫ Natural media
Kalmar natural na nufin duk wani abu wanda ba kaine ka samar da shi ba ko ka kirkiresa.
Wannan yanayin abincin baasan adadin sinadaran dake a cikinsa ba (concentration of chemical unknown) misalan su sun hada da
Madara (milk)
Fitsari (Urine)
Jini (Blood)
Nama (Meat)
Ruwan tumatari (Tomato juice)
Lemu (juice) da sauransu.
⚫ Semisynthetic media
A wannan bangaren kuma na abincin da ake amfani wajen kiwata wainnan kananun halittun wasu daga cikin kaso na sinadaran da ake amfani dasu ansan adadinsu (chemical) wasu Kuma baasani ba (partially know and unknown) saboda shi haduwar Abu biyu ne (synthetic ) da Kuma (natural) kaga shi natural baasani ba shikuma synthetic ansani wanda shine zamuyi magana bayan wannan. Saka makon na farko Wanda gaba daya baasani ba to wannan zaa iya cewa ansan wasu baasan wasu ba Misalan wainnan abincin sune k**ar haka
✅Blood agar
✅Nutrient agar
✅MacConkey agar
Chocolate agar
✅Tryptic soy agar (TSA)
✅ Tryptic soy broth (TBA)
Etc

⚫ Synthetic media (Defined media)
Wannan abincin da ake amfani dashi wajen kiwata kananun halittu ansan duk wani sinadari da yake a ciki sak**akon na farko natural wanda ba asani ba da kuma semisynthetic wanda yake hadaka ne na chemical din da akasani da wanda baasani ba. Kana ana kiranta da Defined media ko Kuma synthetic media.
Misalansu.
Czapek-dox medium
Czapek-dox agar
Minimal medium
M9 minimal medium
Simmons citrate agar
Glucose salt medium
Etc

Mu hadu gaba domin Karin bayani kan rabe raben abincin microorganisms tahanyar sinadarai don sanin
▪️Miyasa baasan adadin chemical din dake a cikin natural ba
▪️Miyasa akasan wasu baasan wasu ba a semi synthetic
▪️Miyasa akasan na Synthetic or defined medium.

Happy Ramadan Mubarak Allah yakarbi ibadunmu

14/02/2026

43
Culture medium
Part 3
✳️ Classification based on consistency or physical appearance.
❇️TAYA ZAKA IYA BANBANCE KO GANE GIRMAN KANANUN HALITTUN NAN TA HANYAR AMFANI DA IDANUN KA (HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE OR IDENTIFY THE GROW OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON PHYSICAL APPEARANCE).
A rubutun baya munyi bayani akan yadda aka rarraba yadda zaka kiwata ko girmantar da wainnan kananun halittun, inda muka fara bayani akan matakin ta farko wato ta hanyar banbance su da idanuwan ka.
🧫 SOLID MEDIUM
K**ar yadda mukai bayani a farko shine wannan abincin Wanda zakai amfani dashi ka raini kananun halittun Nan daskararre ne. Hanyar da Kuma zakagane girmansu shine ta yanayin siffar da ya baka (shape) misali zagayayye,mai tudu mara tudu mara siffa tak**aimai da dai sauransu wannan zamuyi bayani a karshen darasin gabadaya a cikin (MORPHOLOGY)

🧪 SEMI SOLID MEDIUM
K**ar yadda mukai bayani a baya ana amfani da wannan media din ne wajen duba motsin wainnan kananun halittun (motility) shiyasa lokaci da yawa ana amfani da ita wajen banbance kananun halittu masu motsi da kananun halittun da Basu motsi. Yadda ake gane girman halittun Nan ta wannan hanyar shine ta hanyar Samar da layi dogo Mai kauri a cikin test tube din dakayi.

🧪 LIQUID MEDIUM
Shikuma wannan yadda zakagane girman kananun halittun ya danganta da yanayin canzawar abincin ta hanyar canza kala Mai duhu ko wani Yanayi, (Turbidity) ana gane yawan kananun halittun ta yanayin canzawar kalar.

19/10/2025

42
Culture medium
Part 2
Rabe raben abincin da ake kiwata ƙananun halittu (classification of culture medium)
Abincin da ake amfani wajen kiwata kananun halittun ya rabu gida ukku 3
✳️ Classification based on consistency or physical appearance
✳️ Classification based on chemical
✳️ Classification based on function
Wannan sune rabe raben da muke dasu kan abincin da ake kiwata ƙananun halittu zamu ɗauki daya bayan ɗaya muyi bayani
❇️Classification based on consistency or physical classification
Wannan abincin na kiwon ƙananun halittu anrabasa ne ko yana rarrabe abincin ta hanyar banbancin da zaka iya gani da idanunka shiyasa ake kiransa da (physical appearance) a turance, kana ya rabu gida ukku
▪️Solid medium
▪️Semi solid medium
▪️Liquid medium
⚫ Solid medium
Wannan abincin daskararren abinci ne da bayada ruwa shiyasa ake kiransa solid kana zaka gane hakan ne tahanyar banbancesa da idanun ka. Kana shi wannan abincin yana zama daskararre ne sak**akon sinadarin agar da ake sawa dayawa wanda adadin kesawa abincin yazama daskararre.

⚫Semi solid medium
Kalmar semi tana nufin tsaka tsakiya maana shi wannan abincin bazaa iya kiransa daskararre ba kana bazaa iya kiransa mai ruwa ba saboda sinadarin agar din dake cikin abincin bai kai yawan wadda take a cikin daskararre abincin ba (solid media) shiyasa abincin bai daskare ba Kuma baizama mai ruwa ba.
⚫ Liquid media
Shi wannan abincin baida sinadarin agar ko kadan wanda wannan sinadarin shine ke daskarar da abincin, kana ana kiransa da hadin romo duk da kalmar romo Kalma ce kawai ta hausawa saboda ana alakanta romo da abu mai ruwa wanda yake ba daskararre ba.

KARIN BAYANI
Zaka iya maida Liquid media tazama semi solid kana zaka iya maida semi solid yazama solid..
Saboda dama sinadarin agar shine yake banbantasu da zaran kasa adadi kadan na agar zai canza daga ruwa zuwa Mai dan kauri (semi solid) da zaran ka Kara adadin zai ida canza wa zuwa daskararre. Misali idan ka dakko Ruwa tafashashshe na tuwo zamu iya kiransa (liquid media) a lokacin da kazuba gari zai canza Wanda hakan zai baka damar yin talge to wannan lokacin ana kiransa da (semi solid) a lokacin da ka talga tuwon ka kwashesa da zaran ya huce zaiyi karfi to a wannan lokacin zaka iya kiransa (solid media) na bada wannan guntun misalin ne saboda agane banbanci da yanayin abincin mu wanda muke yawan amfani

01/09/2025

41
CULTURE MEDIUM
PART 1
Kalmar “culture” ana amfani da ita wajen noma ko kiwo ko kula da halittu ta yarda zasu girma, k**ar cell da sauran ƙananun halittun da ake kira microorganisms.
Kalmar “media” yana nufin naui ko sinadarin da wainnan halittun suke buƙata domin su girma.
Idan kahaɗe wannan bayanin guda biyu shine zaibaka *Culture medium* ma'ana noma ko hanyar da zaka girmar da halittun microorganisms a cikin ɗakin bincike (laboratory) ta hanyar sa masu duk abunda suke buƙata.
Idan muka duba a abubuwan da halittu masu rai suke buƙata domin su rayu (Mr.Nigercad) za muga akwai abunda ake kira nutrition wanda shine muke cewa abinci, kamun ace halitta na darai dole ya kasance suna cin abinci, to haka suma wainnan halittun dole suna buƙatar abinci domin su rayu shiyasa idan kana son ka kiwatasu a wani waje daban ba inda s**a Saba samuwa ba to yazama wajibi, yazama dole kasamar masu da yanayin wannan muhallin idan kuwa ba haka ba to zasu mutu gaba ɗaya ko kuma su samar da abunda bashi ka keso ka samar ba.
Haka kuma ba kowane jinsin microorganisms zaka iya kiwata wa ta wannan hanyar ba saboda akwai wanda suke bukatar halittu masu rai kamun su iya rayuwa (obligate parasite) saidai idan zaka iya kawo wannan nauin hallitun masu rai a lab ko mak**ancinsu misali
❇️Virus:- k**ar yadda aka sani biros (virus) tasha banban da sauran halittun microorganisms shiyasa ake kiranta (acellular entity) maana kwayar halittar da batada sel (cell) kana kuma batada rai saidai tana canzawa daga mara rai takoma mai rai a lokacin da tasamu halitta mai rai. Shiyasa bazaka iya noma biros a media ba saidai kasamo halitta mai rai.
❇️Maleria:- itama kwayar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (maleria) wadda ake samu ta hanyar cizon sauro wadda ake kira plasmodium itama bazaa iya noma ta a lab ba saboda tana buƙatar halittu masu rai musamman idan muka duba yadda tsarin rayuwar cutar yake (life cycle)
❇️ Rickettsia and Chlamydia
Suma wainnan halittun baa iya kiwatasu a irin wannan media din artificial dole saidai kasamar da wadda take daidai da yanayin inda zasuiya rayuwa (natural media)

Muhadu a rubutu na gaba dan sanin rabe raben wainnan media din.

MUHAMMADU SALISU

09/08/2025

40
GENERAL XTICS OF PROTOZOA
YADDA PROTOZOA TAKE HAIHUWA (REPRODUCTION IN PROTOZOA)
Protozoa itama tana haihuwa k**ar yadda sauran halittu ke haihuwa kana tana haihuwa ta hanya guda biyu wanda ko wace hanya akwai hanyoyin da suke bi wajen haihuwa
✳️As*xual reproduction
✳️Sexual reproduction
As*xual reproduction
Hanyar a s*xual reproduction hanya ce wadda protozoa ke haihuwa batare da buƙatar wani jinsin ba (gamete or s*x cell) shi ya sanya ake cewa gaba ɗaya ƴaƴan da zata samar suna K**a da juna.
kana ya rabu gida biyu
A) binary fission
B) multiple fission
❇️ Binary fission
A wannan hanyar protozoa na rabuwa gida biyu ba tare da wata tafi wata ba (2 equal cell) kana anfi samun wannan a jinsin Amoeba, Euglena da kuma paramecium.
Amman jinsin Euglena tana haihuwa ne ta tsaye (lengthwise) Amman k**ar jinsin paramecium suna haihuwar sune ta gefen su (sideways).
❇️ Multiple fission
A wannan bangaren kuwa protozoa na rabuwa sama da biyu shi yasa ake kiran hanyar da multiple fission kana anfi samun wannan a jinsin (plasmodium) maana jinsin protozoan da yake sa zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria).
❇️ Budding
A wannan hanyar wani daƙaramin abune zai fito ko toho (bud) daga jikin ainahin protozoan (parent cell) a hankali a hankali zairika girma dazaran yakai girman da yake bukata sai ya rabe ya rabu da ainahin protozoan da tasamar dashi.

ƘARIN BAYANI
A binary fission cell ɗin protozoa ne ke rabuwa gida biyu kana nucleus ɗin dake cikin cell ɗin, bata ƙaruwa ko rabuwa amman cytoplasm ɗin na rabuwa zuwa gida biyu. Amman a multiple fission cell din yana samar da nucleus da yawa a kowane kuma cytoplasm ɗin tana ƙara rabuwa shiyasa a lokaci guda suke yaduwa daga 4,8,16 maimakon binary fission wanda yake farawa daga 2,4,6.

Sexual reproduction
A ɓangaren protozoa yanayin haihuwar su ta (s*xual reproduction) yana buƙatar bangarori guda biyu. Ga misalan hanyoyin da suke haihuwa da kuma ɓangaren da ake buƙata
❇️ Syngamy
A wannan ɓangaren ana bukatar namiji saboda asamar da (sparm cell) da mace dan asamar (egg cell) wanda wannan bangaren zakaiya samunsa a protozoa guda daya Wanda idan guda biyun sun hade da juna zai koma zygote kana ana yawan samunsa a jinsin protozoa dake sa cuta (parasitic protozoan) misali (plasmodium) wadda takesa zazzabin cizon sauro.
A duba karatun baya na fungi nayi bayani sosai kan gamete dakuma sauraran raberaben irinsu isogamy, anisogamy etc.
ƘARIN BAYANI
macen sauro itake sa zazzabin cizon sauro lokacin da taciji mutun tana sak**arsa da sporozoite wanda kai tsaye zai tafi cikin hanta (liver) daganan zaicigaba da taruwa a cikin jini wanda ake kira (red blood cell) sai yafashe daganan sai yafara nuna alamu na maleria. Duka wannan hanyar baya bukatar wani taimako na wani bangare shiyasa akecemasa as*xual reproduction.
Bayan macen sauro taciji wanda yake dauke da wannan cutar ta maleri a lokacin zata tsotsi gametocyte haɗe da jini idan wannn gametocyte din yashiga cikin maƙoshin macen sauron (female mosquito gut) sai yacanza shi zuwa microgamete wanda shine k**ar dayan jinsin na namiji (sparm cell) idan male gametocyte ne idan Kuma ya kasance female gametocyte ne zai canza shi zuwa macrogamete Wanda shine dayan bangaren na mace (egg cell) idan wannan micro gamete din ya haɗe da macen anan ake samun (s*xual reproduction) kuma anace masa syngamy da ganan sai fertilizition yafara idan s**a haɗe sai ya samar da zygote daganan sai ookinete daganan sai oocyst daganan sai ya fashe ya samar da sabon sporozoite wanda zaitafi cikin jikkar miyau ko yawu na sauron (salivary gland) duk wanda ta ciza tasa mashi zazzabi (maleria)

❇️ Conjugation
A wannan bangaren cell guda biyu ne zasu hadu sai suyi musanya na , ƙwayoyin halittarsu kana sai su rabu. Kana bayan sunrabun banan take suke samar da ƴaƴa ba sai ya dan ɗau lokaci. Ana samun irin hakan a jinsin paramecium.

A yau muka kawo ƙarshen karatun General xtics of protozoa sai muhadu a sabon karatu idan Allah ya yarda.

25/07/2025

39
GENERAL XTICS OF PROTOZOA
YADDA PROTOZOA SUKE CIN ABINCI
(NUTRITION IN PROTOZOA)
K**ar yadda aka sani yana daga cikin halayya na halittu masu rai su kansance suna cin abinci (feeding or nutrient ) itama protozoa tana da tsarin yadda take cin abinci k**ar haka
❇️ Holozoic
❇️ Saprozoic
❇️ Parasitic
❇️ Autotrophic
❇️ Holozoic
Kalmar “Holo” tana nufin (whole) “zoic" tana nufin (animal like) maana shine wannan halittar suna amfani da jikinsu gaba ɗaya wajen cin abinci kana ana suffantasu da halittun dabbobi saboda yadda tsarin cin abinci su yasha banban da na shuka. Kana suna amfani da jikinsu wajen cin abinci ta hanyar zagaye abincin da wani ɓangare na jikinsu maisuna pseudopodia. kana ana cema tsarin ko hanyar da suke cin abincinsu (phagocytosis).
Kalmar ”phago” na nufin ci (eat) sai kalmar “cyt” na nufin sel ko ƙwayar halitta (cell) kalmar “oasis” na nufin hanya (process) shiyasa ake cewa phagocytosis (cell eaters) maana shine suna amfani da wani bangare na cell dinsu wajen cin abinci.

❇️ Saprozoic
Kalmar “sapro” tana nufin abunda ya ruɓe (decay) sai kalmar zoic tana nufin halayya irin ta dabbobi (animal like). Wannan shine hanya ta biyu da halittun protozoa ke cin abinci su ta hanyar cin abincin da yariga ya ruɓe, wannan abincin da ya rube ya ƙunshi halittun dabbobi k**ar mutane,Ƙwari, dabbobi irin na gida da na daji sai kuma shukoki suma da s**a rube da kuma sauran halittu.

❇️ Parasitic
Halittun protozoa na cin abinci ta hanyar dogara da wasu halittu, suna shiga jikin halittu masu rai wajen shiga a jikinsu dan su samu abinci kana kuma su samasu cuta misali k**ar ƙwayar cutar (plasmodium) wadda take sanya cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro (maleria) da sauran nauin (parasitic protozoa) wanda na kawo misalansu a rubutun baya.

❇️ Autotrophic
Kalmar “Auto” tana nufin (self) sai kalmar “trophic” tana nufin (feeding). Wannan shima hanya ce da wasu daga cikin nauikan halittu na protozoa kecin abinci ta hanyar samar wa kansu abinci batare da sun dogara da wasu ba (self feeding), kana suna samar wa kansu abinci ne ta hanyar hasken rana k**ar yadda shuka ke samar wa kansu abinci. Misalin su shine Euglena.

Zamu tsaya nan a rubutu na gaba inshaAllah zamu duba yadda protozoa ke haihuwa.

17/07/2025

38
GENERAL XTICS OF PROTOZOA
TSARIN RAYUWAR PROTOZOA (LIFE CYCLE OF PROTOZOA)
Idan akace tsari na rayuwa ana nufin wasu matakai (stage) wanda hallitun protozoa suke amfani dashi tun daga haihuwa,girma ko kuma mutuwa. Protozoa tana da matakai na rayuwa guda biyu
1.Trophozoite stage
2.Cyst stage
Amman idan kadauki sauran nauin halittu na protozoa masu sa cuta (parasitic protozoa) zakaga su Kuma suna da wasu matakan Banda wannan k**ar su gametocyte, zygote,sporozoite and merozoite.
❇️Trophozoite stage
Wannan matakin ana masa laƙabi da (active stage) saboda a lokacin da protozoa ke wannan matakin tana ayyukan da duk wasu halittu masu rai keyi tundaga cin abinci, motsawa da kuma haihuwa. A lokacin da protozoa take a wannan matakin tana samun damar yin duk abunda halittu masu rai keyi saboda tasamu wajen da takeso wanda ke ɗauke da duk abunda take buƙata na rayuwa (favourable environment) k**ar irin hanji (intestine) jini (blood) tsoka (tissue) ko kuma ruwa (external water) saboda kowane naui na protozoa akwai kalar muhallin da take buƙata kamun taiya rayuwa, halittun dake rayuwa a cikin jini idan kasa su cikin ruwa bazasu iya rayuwa ba haka kuma halittun dake rayuwa a ruwa idan kasasu a jini bazasu iya rayuwa ba.
❇️Cyst stage
Wannan matakin ana masa laƙabi da domant stage ko kuma resistance stage) maana lokacin da protozoa ta tafi hutu ko juriya na yanayin wajen da tasamu kanta. A lokacin da protozoa tasamu kanta a wajen da bata buƙatarsa ko bataiya rayuwa (unfavourable environment) misali k**ar nauin protozoa dake rayuwa a cikin ruwa sai yakasance ruwan ya bushe ko kuma wanda ke rayuwa a cikin jiki ya kasance sinadarin acid da jiki ke samarwa yayi yawa ko abincin da take buƙata dan ta rayu babu shi to a lokacin zata canza takoma zuwa cyst, lokacin da takoma cyst zata kasance bazataiya motsi ba kana bazata iya cin abinci ko kuma haihuwa ba k**ar yadda trophozoite yake saidai kuma zata samarwa kanta mafita wadda zata hanata mutuwa k**ar juriya na zafi ko sanyi na waje, (temperature) rashin ruwa (dehydration) sinadarin asit (acid) abinci (nutrition) da sauransu saboda zataiya juriya duk wani yanayi mai wahala da zata samu kanta a ciki,kana idan aka sa wannan cyst din a muhallin da yakeso ko Kuma cyst din ya shiga a muhallin da ya keso zai canza ya koma trophozoite ya cigaba da rayuwarsa.

07/07/2025

37
GENERAL XTICS OF PROTOZOA
RABE RABEN PROTOZOA (CLASSIFICATION OF PROTOZOA)
A rubutu na baya munyi bayani kan protozoa da Kuma wasu daga cikin rabe raben protozoa inda muka fara da na farko wato S**o mastigophora inda muka ce ya rabu gida biyu da sacodina da Kuma mastigophora inda shima mastigophora ya rabu gida biyu wanda ake samu a halittu jinsin dabbobi anace masa zoomastigophora da Kuma wanda ake samu a halittu jinsin tsirrai ana ce masa phytomastigophora yanzu zamu cigaba zuwa na biyu.
2. Ciliophora
Ciliophora shine rabe rabe na biyu a cikin rabe raben protozoa. Kalmar Ciliophora tasamo asali ne daga harshen girkanci (greek word) kalmar celium yana nufin gashi (hair) sai kalmar phora yana nufin samarwa ko kuma suke ɗauke da shi, anan idan ka haɗe kaga zai baka halittun da suke ɗauke da gashi ko suke samar da gashi a jikinsu.
Su wainnan halittun jikinsu gaba ɗaya yana ɗauke da gashi kana suna amfani dashi wajen motsawa (movement) cin abinci (feedings) ko kuma Jin wani abu (sensation). Misalinsu shine k**ar haka Paramecium, Stentor and Vorticella.
3.Apicomplexa
Apicomplexa shine rabe rabe na ukku kana halittun da suke a wannan gidan dukansu halittu ne masu sanya cuta shiyasa ake kiransu da suna parasite. Ana cewa halittun apicomplex saboda apical complex dasuke dashi wanda suke amfani dashi wajen shigar da kwayar cuta a jikin halittun da s**ayi muamala dasu (invasion of host cell) ire-iren wainnan halittun sun/ƙunshi
❇️Plasmodium wanda yake sa cutar zazzabin cizon sauro (malaria parasite)
❇️Toxoplasma wanda yake sa cutar da ake samu a jikin maguna (toxoplasmosis parasite)
❇️Cryptosporidium cutukan da ake samu ta hanyar cin abinci ko ruwan da ya ke gurɓace kana wannan cutar nak**a mutane da dabbobi (cryptosporidiosis parasite)
❇️Eimeria wannan cutar ita Kuma ana samunta ta hanyar gurɓataccen ruwa ko wajen zama kana tafiyiwa dabbobin gida illa musamman kaji,zabbi da sauransu (chicken and livestock)(Coccidiosis parasite).
4.Microspora
Kalmar microspora ta samo asali ne daga yaren girkanci kalmar micro "mikros" yana nufin karami (small) and sporos shikuma yana nufin seed ko kuma spore.
Halittun da ake samu a microspora sune k**ar haka
❇️Nosema cutace dake k**a ƙwari musamman zuma
❇️Enterocytozoon cutar sa ke k**a mutane dawasu nauin dabbobin wannan cutar tana k**a mutane ta hanayar hanjinsa
❇️Encephalitozoon itama dai cutace da ke kam mutane da sauran dabbobi wannan cutar na k**a mutane da dabbobi musamman zomo, (rabbit) ta hanyar kwalwarsu.

Zamu tsayanan sai kuma sati maizuwa idan Allah yakaimana ran

03/07/2025

Assalamualaikum
K**ar yadda mukace inshaAllah zamucigaba da karatun mu a sabon watan July to inshaAllah wannan watan zamufara kana zamufara dora karatun ranar litinin inshaAllah Kuma zairika zuwa sau daya a sati inshaAllah

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