𝘽𝙄𝙊𝘾𝙃𝙀𝙈𝙄𝙎𝙏𝙍𝙔 𝘼 𝙃𝘼𝙍𝙎𝙃𝙀𝙉 𝙃𝘼𝙐𝙎𝘼

Assalamu Alaikum Barka da Wannan Lokaci
Insha Allah zamu cigaba da darussan nan kusa

With Idris Been Abdullahi Lago – I'm on a streak! I've been a top fan for 12 months in a row. 🎉

Big shout out to my newest top fans! Usman Abdull, Nazifi Umar Abdullahi

Big shout out to my newest top fans! Ameer Muhammad, Safnah Kabeer, Aqeela Ibrahim, Hussaini Usman Mubarak, Ãbbãš Mãñîřù Ãĺï, Umma Abdullahi, Dahiru Alh Isah, Abdullahi Ibrahim, Usman Abdull, Nazifi Umar Abdullahi, Musa Saleh, Zaeyernu Muhammad, Abubakar Zakariyya, Adamu Aliyu, Abdurrahman Muhammad Sani, Usman Abubakar

Big shout out to my newest top fans! Ameer Muhammad, Safnah Kabeer, Aqeela Ibrahim, Usman Abubakar, Hussaini Usman Mubarak, Ãbbãš Mãñîřù Ãĺï, Umma Abdullahi, Dahiru Alh Isah, Abdullahi Ibrahim, Usman Abdull, Abdulhamid Adamu, Nazifi Umar Abdullahi, Musa Saleh, Abubakar Zakariyya, Adamu Aliyu, Abdurrahman Muhammad Sani

Big shout out to my newest top fans! Ameer Muhammad, Musa Saleh, Saifullahi Mikailu, Usman Abubakar, Hussaini Usman Mubarak, Ãbbãš Mãñîřù Ãĺï, Safnah Kabeer, Umma Abdullahi, Dahiru Alh Isah, Abdullahi Ibrahim, Usman Abdull, Abdulhamid Adamu, Nazifi Umar Abdullahi, Abubakar Zakariyya, Adamu Aliyu, Abdurrahman Muhammad Sani, Aqeela Ibrahim

GLUCAGON

Glucagon wani sinadari ne (hormone) da ke fita daga ƙwayoyin alpha (alpha -cells) na hanta (pancreas). Yana aiki ne a matsayin kishiya ga aikin insulin. Wannan hormone yana ƙunshe da amino acids guda 29 a cikin silsilar guda ɗaya, kuma yana da nauyi kimanin 3,500. Ana samar da glucagon a matsayin proglucagon (mai nauyin 9,000), wanda ke rushewa a hankali don sakin glucagon mai aiki. Saɓanin insulin, tsarin amino acid na glucagon dai-dai yake a dukkan nau’in dabbobi masu shayarwa (mammals) da aka taɓa bincika. Glucagon yana da ɗan ƙaramin lokacin rayuwa a jinin jiki—kimanin minti biyar kacal.

✅ YADDA AKE DAIDAITA FITAR GLUCAGON
Ana ƙarfafa fitar glucagon:
▫️ idan: Jinin jiki ya yi ƙaranci da s**ari (glucose).
▫️idan: Akwai amino acids daga abinci mai sinadarin furotin.
▫️idan:Adadin epinephrine a jiki ya yi ƙasa.

Amma idan jinin jiki ya cika da glucose, ana hana fitar glucagon sosai.

✅ TASIRIN GLUCAGON A JIKI
Glucagon yana da tasiri a kan tsarin amfani da:
1. Carbohydrate (s**ari): Shi ne hormone mafi ƙarfi wajen ƙara yawan glucose a jini. Yana ƙarfafa hanta wajen:
▫️ Haɗa sabon glucose (gluconeogenesis).
▫️ Ragargaza glycogen zuwa glucose (glycogenolysis).
Waɗannan ayyuka na glucagon suna amfani da cyclic AMP don isar da saƙo.

2. Lipid (mai): Glucagon yana sa hanta ta ƙona fatty acids don samar da makamashi da kuma ketone bodies (ketogenesis).

3. Protein (furotin): Yana ƙarfafa shan amino acids daga jini zuwa hanta, wanda hakan na taimakawa wajen ƙara yawan gluconeogenesis. Sakamakon haka, yana rage yawan amino acids a jini.

✅ YADDA GLUCAGON KE AIKI
Glucagon yana haɗuwa da wasu takamammen na’urori (receptors) da ke saman ƙwayoyin jiki (plasma membrane) sannan yana aiki ta hanyar cyclic AMP, wanda ke isar da Saƙo
cikin sel.

MENENE DAIDAITON SIGAR JINI?

Daidaiton sigar jini na nufin yadda jikin mutum ke sarrafa yawan siga (glucose) dake cikin jini domin tabbatar da cewa akwai wadataccen makamashi, musamman ga ƙwaƙwalwa da sauran sassan da ke buƙatar siga kai tsaye. Wannan daidaito yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hormones da wasu hanyoyin jiki.

✅ MATSAKAICIN SIGAR JINI
▫️Sigar jini bayan azumi: 70–100 mg/dL .
▫️Bayan cin abinci: 120–140 mg/dL
✔️Ƙasa da haka =
▪️Hypoglycemia (ƙarancin siga) .
▪️Sama da haka = Hyperglycemia (yawan siga)

✅ ASALIN SIGA(GLUCOSE) DA AMFANIN SA

Inda siga(glucose) ke fitowa:
▫️ daga Abincin da ke ɗauke da Carbohydrates.
▫️Glycogenolysis: warware glycogen daga hanta/tsoka.
▫️ Gluconeogenesis: samar da siga daga sinadarai marasa carbohydrate.

✅ YADDA JIKI KE AMFANI DA SIGA:
▫️ Glycolysis: Samar da makamashi.
▫️ Glycogenesis: ajiya a hanta/tsoka.
▫️ Lipogenesis: canzawa zuwa kitsen ajiya.

SARRAFA SIGA TA HORMONES

1. Insulin (daga ƙwayoyin beta na hanta).
- Ana sakin shi idan sikarar jini ta yi yawa
- Yana taimakawa wajen shigar da siga cikin ƙwayoyin jiki.
- Yana ƙarfafa ajiya da canza siga zuwa kitse
- Yana hana samar da sabuwar siga daga hanta.

2. Glucagon (daga ƙwayoyin alpha na hanta):
- Ana sakin shi idan sikarar jini ta ragu
- Yana ƙarfafa sakin sikara daga glycogen da samar da sabuwa.

3. Wasu hormones masu tasiri:
- Epinephrine da cortisol: suna ƙara siga yayin damuwa.
- Growth hormone: yana rage tasirin insulin
- Thyroxine (T₄): yana ƙarfafa amfani da siga

✅ DAIDAITON MATSAYI

Duk lokacin da ka ci abinci, insulin yana tabbatar da cewa an adana ko an yi amfani da siga. Lokacin yunwa ko matsanancin yanayi, glucagon da wasu hormones na taimakawa wajen kawo karin siga a cikin jini.

RASHIN DAIDAITON SINADARAI A JIKI (METABOLIC DISORDERS )
Rashin daidaiton sinadarai a jiki yana faruwa ne lokacin da jikin mutum baya iya sarrafa abinci yadda ya kamata don samar da kuzari. Waɗannan matsaloli suna shafar hanyoyin sinadarai a jiki, wanda ke haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin daidaiton s**ari a jini, matsalar narkar da mai, da kuma matsalar samar da kuzari gaba ɗaya.

1. Ciwon Suga (Diabetes Mellitus):
Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da Nau’in 1 da Nau’in 2 na ciwon suga. Nau’in 1 yana faruwa ne sakamakon ƙarancin sinadarin insulin a jiki, yayin da Nau’in 2 kuma yana faruwa ne idan jiki ya daina karɓar insulin yadda ya kamata. Idan ba a kula ba, matsalar ciwon suga na iya haifar da ciwon daji, lalacewar jijiyoyin jini, da matsalar zuciya.
2. Ƙaruwar Ƙiba (Obesity):
Ƙaruwar ƙiba na faruwa ne idan yawan kuzarin da ake ci ya fi na wanda ake amfani da shi. Yana da alaƙa da matsalolin lafiya kamar ciwon suga, hauhawar jini, da ciwon zuciya.
3. Nau’in 1 na Ciwon Suga:
Wannan matsala ce ta rashin lafiya na gado, inda garkuwar jiki ke kai wa sel ɗin da ke samar da insulin hari, yana haddasa ƙarancin insulin a jiki. Mutanen da ke fama da wannan ciwon suga suna buƙatar ƙarin insulin daga waje don daidaita yawan s**ari a jini.
4. Gout:
Wannan ciwon sanƙarau ne da ke faruwa sakamakon taruwar sinadarin uric acid a cikin gaɓoɓi, wanda ke haifar da zafi da kumburi. Yana da alaƙa da yawan cin abinci mai sinadarin purine, kamar jan nama da giya.
5. Galactosemia:
Wannan matsala ce ta gado inda jiki ba zai iya narkar da galactose ba, wani nau’in s**ari da ake samu a madara. Idan ba a yi magani ba, yana iya haddasa matsaloli kamar lalacewar hanta, matsalar ƙoda, da matsalolin ci gaban jiki musamman a jarirai.
6. Hyperlipidemia:
Wannan matsala ce ta yawan mai a jini, wanda ke haddasa matsalar zuciya da toshewar jijiyoyi.
7. Matsalar Cholesterol:
Cholesterol yana da nau’uka biyu: LDL ("cholesterol mai illa") da HDL ("cholesterol mai amfani"). Yawan LDL na iya haddasa toshewar jijiyoyin jini, yayin da HDL ke taimakawa wajen kawar da cholesterol mai illa.
8. Hauhawar Jini (Hypertension):
Wannan matsala ce inda jini ke hauhawa fiye da kima, wanda ke iya haddasa matsaloli kamar ciwon zuciya, lalacewar ƙoda, da saukewar jini a ƙwaƙwalwa.

✅ YADDA WAƊANNAN MATSALOLI SUKE DA ALAƘA
Duk Waɗannan matsaloli suna faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaiton sinadarai a jiki. Alal misali, ƙiba na iya haddasa ciwon suga, hauhawar jini, da matsalar cholesterol.
✅Hanyoyin magance su sun haɗa da daidaita abinci, yawan motsa jiki, da shan magunguna waɗan da s**a dace.

Big shout out to my newest top fans! Ameer Muhammad, Hussaini Usman Mubarak, Ãbbãš Mãñîřù Ãĺï, Safnah Kabeer, Umma Abdullahi, Nazifi Umar Abdullahi, Musa Saleh, Abubakar Zakariyya, Saifullahi Mikailu, Adamu Aliyu

ZAGAYEN KREBS
(Hawan Krebs ko Hawan Tricarboxylic Acid—Hawan TCA)

Zagayen citric acid: hanya ce mai muhimmanci ta metabolism wanda ke samar da makamashi ga jiki. Tsari ne mai wahala wanda ke haɗa oxidation na acetyl CoA zuwa CO2 da H2O, yana samar da ATP, NADH, da FADH2.

MAHIMMANCIN ZAGAYEN CITRIC ACIDS

1. Samar da makamashi: Hawan citric acid yana samar da kusan kashi 65-70% na ATP a jikin mutum.
2. Babbar hanyar metabolism: Shi ne ƙarshe a hanya guda ta oxidation don carbohydrates, fats, da amino acids.
3. Tsakiyar sinadarai (Central metabolic pathway) don haɗa abubuwa: Hawan yana samar da tsakiyar sinadarai don haɗa amino acids, glucose, heme, da wasu sinadarai na halitta.

TARIHIN ZAGAYEN CITRIC ACID

1. Gano shi: Hans Adolf Krebs ya gabatar da zagayen citric acid a shekara ta 1937.
2. Ƙyautar Nobel: An bai wa Krebs lambar yabo ta Nobel a Physiology ko Medicine a shekara ta 1953.

MATSAYIN ZAGAYEN CITRIC ACID

Enzymes na hawan citric acid suna cikin matrix na mitochondria, kusa da hanyar jigilar lantarki (electron transport chain). Wannan kusanci yana taimakawa wajen samun ATP yadda ya dace ta hanyar oxidative phosphorylation.

MABAMBANTAN SASSA NA ZAGAYEN CITRIC ACID

1. Oxidation na acetyl CoA: Hawan yana haɗa oxidation na acetyl CoA zuwa CO2 da H2O.
2. Samar da ATP, NADH, da FADH2: Hawan yana samar da abubuwan da suke da wadatar makamashi wanda ke taimakawa wajen haɗuwar ATP.
3. Danganta da sauran hanyoyin metabolism: zagayen citric acid yana haɗuwa da hanyoyin metabolism iri-iri, ciki har da glycolysis, oxidation na fatty acid, da kuma metabolism na amino acid.

Hawan citric acid tsari ne mai muhimmanci wanda ke taka rawa sosai wajen samar da makamashi da kuma haɗa sinadarai. Rashin daidaituwa a cikin tsarin na iya jawo cututtuka daban-daban, hakan ya sa ya zama muhimmiyar fanni na bincike a fannin biochemistry da magani.

KREBS CYCLE