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27/07/2020

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Today, the Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information, commerce, entertainment, and social networking. However, the future of the global network may be shaped by regional differences.
Internet history timeline
Early research and development:
1963: ARPA networking ideas
1964: RAND networking concepts
1965: NPL network concepts
1966: ARPANET planning
1966: Merit Network founded
1967: Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1969: ARPANET and NPL carry their first packets
1970: Network Information Center (NIC)
1971: Tymnet switched-circuit network
1972: Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1972: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973: CYCLADES network demonstrated
1974: Transmission Control Program specification published
1975: Telenet commercial packet-switched network
1976: X.25 protocol approved
1978: Minitel introduced
1979: Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980: USENET news using UUCP
1980: Ethernet standard introduced
1981: BITNET established
Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

1981: Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982: TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983: Domain Name System (DNS)
1983: MILNET split off from ARPANET
1984: OSI Reference Model released
1985: First .COM domain name registered
1986: NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987: UUNET founded
1988: NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988: Morris worm
1988: Complete Internet protocol suite
1989: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989: PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989: Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes)
1990: GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
1990: ARPANET decommissioned
1990: Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990: UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990: Archie search engine
1991: Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991: Gopher
1991: Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991: ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic...

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PAGE 2.
History of the Internet
In the early 1980s the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded national supercomputing centers at several universities in the United States and provided interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET project, which created network access to these supercomputer sites for research and academic organizations in the United States. International connections to NSFNET, the emergence of architecture such as the Domain Name System, and the adoption of TCP/IP internationally marked the beginnings of the Internet. Commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the very late 1980s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. Limited private connections to parts of the Internet by officially commercial entities emerged in several American cities by late 1989 and 1990 The NSFNET was decommissioned in 1995, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic.
Research at CERN in Switzerland by British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989-90 resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents into an information system, accessible from any node on the network. Since the mid-1990s, the Internet has had a revolutionary impact on culture, commerce, and technology, including the rise of near-instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) telephone calls, two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, or more. The Internet's takeover of the global communication landscape was rapid in historical terms: it only communicated 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated information by 2007.

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History of the Internet
Edited by: Fatai Olaitan Moshood (NCE, Agric Science DM)
[email protected]
08122274461, 08108412784

The history of the Internet has its origin in the efforts to build and interconnect computer networks that arose from research and development in the United States and involved international collaboration, particularly with researchers in the United Kingdom and France.
Computer science was an emerging discipline in the late 1950s that began to consider time-sharing between computer users and, later, the possibility of achieving this over wide area networks. Independently, Paul Baran proposed a distributed network based on data in message blocks in the early 1960s and Donald Davies conceived of packet switching in 1965 at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the UK, which became a testbed for research for two decades.[5][6] The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts in 1969 for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET adopted the packet switching technology proposed by Davies and Baran, underpinned by mathematical work in the early 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock. The network was built by Bolt, Beranek, and Newman.
Early packet switching networks such as the NPL network, ARPANET, Merit Network, and CYCLADES in the early 1970s researched and provided data networking. The ARPANET project and international working groups led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks could be joined into a network of networks, which produced various standards. Vint Cerf, at Stanford University, and Bob Kahn, at ARPA, published research in 1973 that evolved into the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), the two protocols of the Internet protocol suite. The design included concepts from the French CYCLADES project directed by Louis Pouzin.

20/06/2020

www.olafedu.blogspot.com

Why we classify the biology?

The science of biology is a very wide based study. It includes every aspect of a living thing. Therefore, volumes and volumes of information are available under this major head. It is but natural to divide this science into quite a number of branches for our convenience of comprehending and studying biology.

Some Major Fields of Biology

Embryology

A branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development. It deals with process of development of an individual from the zygote to whole organism.

Physiology

The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Morphology

It is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.

It may be.

External morphology. This includes aspects of the external appearance (shape,structure,colour,pattern,size ) of an organism.

Internal morphology or anatomy. It deals with internal gross structure of parts of an organism.

Histology

It is microscopic study of tissue of an organism.

Paleontology

It is a branch of biology dealing with study of fossils. It is the way of getting information about history of early life.

Evolution

It is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth.

Genetics

The branch of biology that deals with heredity information e

HOW TO DISCOVER YOUR POTENTIAL Every human being, regardless of race, s*x, or any other characteristic, has the incredible ca...

18/06/2020

Aspects of biology.

Biology is the study of life but there are certain aspects of life that lie beyond the scope of the science of biology like the answers to the questions:

What is the meaning of life?
Why should there be life?
These are the questions not usually taken up by biologists and are left to philosophers and theologians. Biologists mainly deal with the matters relating to how life works.

What is Life?

It is very difficult to define life. However Life, for biologists, is a set of characteristics that distinguish living organisms from nonliving objects (including dead organisms).



Characteristics of Living things. (Living organisms)

Are Highly organized,
Are complex entities.
Are composed of one or more cells
Contain genetic program of their characteristics.
Can acquire and use energy
Can carry out and control numerous chemical reactions.
Can grow in size.
Maintain fairly internal constant environment
Produce offspring similar to themselves;
Respond to changes in their environment.
Any object possessing all these characteristics simultaneously can be declared as a living thing and is an object for biological studies.

18/06/2020

INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY

Biology is the study of living things. It is a branch of science and like other sciences it is a way of understanding nature. The word biology is derived from the Greek words bios meaning life and logos meaning to study so the literal meaning of biology is the study of life.

BIOLOGISTS

The person who study the biology. . Biologists deal with the living part of nature and with the non-living things which affect the living things in any way. They strive to understand explain, integrate and describe the natural world of living things.