23/04/2025
πKEY POINTS ON JAMB BIOLOGY BY GIFTED MINDS TUTORIAL
1) Biology is the study of living things and their interactions with the environment.
2) The cell is the structural and functional unit of life.
3) There are two major cell types: Prokaryotic (no nucleus) and Eukaryotic (true nucleus).
4) Cell organelles include nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi body.
5) Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell β site of respiration.
6) Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
7) Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of higher water potential to a lower one through a semi-permeable membrane.
8) Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
9) Active transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against the concentration gradient.
10) Enzymes are biological catalysts β they speed up reactions without being used up.
11) Enzyme activity is affected by temperature, pH, and substrate concentration.
12) Nutrition in plants is autotrophic (photosynthesis), while animals use heterotrophic nutrition.
13) Photosynthesis: 6COβ + 6HβO β CβHββOβ + 6Oβ (in presence of sunlight & chlorophyll).
14) Chlorophyll traps solar energy for photosynthesis.
15) Stomata control gas exchange and transpiration in plants.
16) Ingestion β Digestion β Absorption β Assimilation β Egestion.
17) Amylase breaks starch into maltose; found in saliva and pancreas.
18) Protease breaks protein into amino acids.
19) Lipase breaks lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
20) The small intestine is the major site of digestion and absorption.
21) Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products.
22) Red blood cells carry oxygen using haemoglobin.
23) White blood cells defend the body against disease.
24) Platelets help in blood clotting.
25) Arteries carry blood away from the heart (mostly oxygenated).
ββββββββββββββ
*πGIFTED MINDS TUTORIAL : FIRST CLASS TUTORIAL*
```JOIN THE 300+ STUDY CHALLENGE
CONTACT : 08089721406 ```
ββββββββββββββ
26) Veins carry blood to the heart (mostly deoxygenated).
27) Capillaries are thin-walled for exchange of materials.
28) Heart has 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles.
29) Pulmonary circulation takes blood from heart to lungs and back.
30) Systemic circulation carries blood from heart to body and back.
31) Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste.
32) Kidney filters blood and forms urine; nephron is its functional unit.
33) Urea is a nitrogenous waste formed in the liver.
34) Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment.
35) Skin regulates temperature via sweating and vasodilation.
36) The endocrine system uses hormones (chemical messengers).
37) Insulin (from pancreas) lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises it.
38) Adrenaline prepares the body for "fight or flight."
39) Nervous system consists of CNS (brain + spinal cord) and PNS.
40) Reflex actions are quick, automatic responses to stimuli.
41) Synapse is the gap between two neurons.
42) Eye detects light; retina contains rods (dim light) and cones (color vision).
43) Ear detects sound and maintains balance.
44) Receptors detect stimuli; effectors carry out responses.
45) Movement in plants: tropism (growth response), nastic (non-growth).
46) Auxins control growth; gibberellins control seed germination.
47) As*xual reproduction involves one parent; no fusion of gametes.
48) Sexual reproduction involves male and female gametes.
49) Mitosis produces 2 identical daughter cells (growth & repair).
50) Meiosis produces 4 non-identical gametes (reduction division).
51) Fertilization is the fusion of male and female gametes.
52) Zygote is the first cell formed after fertilization.
53) Placenta facilitates exchange of substances between mother and fetus.
54) Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining.
55) Ovulation is the release of an egg from the o***y.
56) Chromosomes carry genetic information; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
57) Gene is a unit of inheritance located on a chromosome.
58) DNA is the hereditary material; shaped like a double helix.
59) Genotype is genetic makeup; phenotype is physical expression.
60) Homozygous = same alleles (AA or aa); Heterozygous = different (Aa).
61) Dominant traits are expressed in heterozygous condition.
62) Recessive traits are masked unless homozygous.
63) Blood group is determined by antigen type (A, B, AB, O).
64) Sickle cell is caused by a mutation in the haemoglobin gene.
65) Evolution is the gradual change in organisms over time.
66) Natural selection is survival of the fittest.
67) Fossils provide evidence of evolution.
68) Ecology is the study of organisms and their environment.
69) Habitat is the natural home of an organism.
ββββββββββββββ
*πGIFTED MINDS TUTORIAL : FIRST CLASS TUTORIAL*
```JOIN THE 300+ STUDY CHALLENGE
CONTACT : 08089721406 ```
ββββββββββββββ
70) Population is a group of the same species in an area.
71) Community is all populations of different species in an area.
72) Ecosystem = community + non-living environment.
73) Biotic factors: living (predators, plants); Abiotic: non-living (temperature, water).
74) Food chain shows transfer of energy; Food web is interlinked chains.
75) Producers (plants) β Primary consumers (herbivores) β Secondary β Tertiary.
76) Pyramid of energy shows decrease in energy across trophic levels.
77) Nitrogen cycle: nitrogen fixation β nitrification β denitrification.
78) Water cycle: evaporation β condensation β precipitation.
79) Carbon cycle involves respiration, photosynthesis, combustion.
80) Conservation is the sustainable use and protection of resources.
81) Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment.
82) Water pollution may be caused by oil spills, sewage, chemicals.
83) Air pollution from CO, SOβ, NOβ can cause respiratory issues and acid rain.
84) Soil pollution includes pesticides, heavy metals, plastics.
85) Renewable resources: solar, wind; Non-renewable: fossil fuels.
86) Overpopulation leads to strain on food, housing, and environment.
87) Family planning helps control population growth.
88) Disease: any abnormal condition affecting the body.
89) Pathogens include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.
90) Malaria is caused by *Plasmodium* transmitted by female *Anopheles* mosquito.
91) HIV/AIDS attacks the immune system; transmitted through blood, s*x, etc.
92) Immunity is the ability to resist disease; active or passive.
93) Vaccination introduces weakened pathogens to stimulate immunity.
94) Antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses.
95) First aid is immediate help given to an injured person before medical aid.
96) Balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water.
97) Kwashiorkor: protein deficiency; Marasmus: protein + calorie deficiency.
98) Vitamin A: eyesight; Vitamin C: scurvy; Vitamin D: rickets.
99) Adaptation helps organisms survive in their environment.
100) Biology explains life processes essential for survival and progress of humans.
ββββββββββββββ
π GIFTED MINDS TUTORIAL : FIRST CLASS TUTORIAL
```JOIN THE 300+ STUDY CHALLENGE
WHATSAPP :: 08089721406
γ
