Edergánico

El zorrillo y su olor 🦨

El olor de la mofeta de un zorrillo es extremadamente oloroso, pues el ser humano es increíblemente sensible a muchos compuestos azufrados. Podemos detectar algunos tioles en concentraciones de apenas unas pocas partes por miles de millones. Aquí te mostramos cuáles son esos compuestos.

Uffff, con razón huele así

🧪 ¿Sabías que los grupos funcionales son los responsables de las propiedades y reacciones de los compuestos orgánicos?

En esta tabla se muestran algunos de los grupos funcionales más importantes, como alquenos, alquinos, halogenuros, alcoholes, aldehídos, cetonas, ácidos carboxílicos, ésteres y aminas, junto con las reacciones químicas que los caracterizan.

🔬 Conocer los grupos funcionales es fundamental para entender cómo se comportan las moléculas orgánicas y predecir sus transformaciones químicas

💊🧬 HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS IN MEDICINES & HEALTHCARE | PART 2 🧬💊

What do antibiotics, anticancer drugs, antimalarial medicines, vitamins, and many life-saving treatments have in common?

🔬 The answer is Heterocyclic Chemistry.

Heterocyclic compounds form the molecular backbone of modern medicine. From fighting infections and cancer to supporting brain function and human health, these remarkable ring systems have transformed healthcare worldwide.

🌍 In Part 2 of our Heterocyclic Chemistry Series, discover:

✔️ Pyridine-based pharmaceuticals
✔️ Imidazole-containing antifungal drugs
✔️ Thiazole compounds in vitamins and medicines
✔️ Quinoline-derived antimalarial agents
✔️ Indole structures in neurotransmitters and therapeutics
✔️ Drug discovery and medicinal chemistry applications
✔️ How heterocycles improve biological activity
✔️ The chemistry behind modern healthcare innovations

💡 Did You Know?

A majority of modern therapeutic drugs contain at least one heterocyclic ring, making heterocyclic chemistry one of the most important fields in pharmaceutical research and drug development.

🏥 From hospitals and research laboratories to biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, heterocyclic compounds continue to improve and save millions of lives every year.

📚 Perfect for chemistry students, medical students, pharmacists, researchers, healthcare professionals, educators, and science enthusiasts worldwide.

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Aldol-like reactions are a group of important carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions in organic chemistry. These reactions generally involve compounds containing an α-hydrogen adjacent to a carbonyl group. Under acidic or basic conditions, an enolate ion or related nucleophile is generated, which attacks another carbonyl compound to produce new carbon–carbon bonds. These reactions are widely used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, natural products, and complex organic molecules.
The Aldol Addition reaction produces β-hydroxy aldehydes or ketones, while Aldol Condensation involves dehydration of the aldol product to form α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. In a Crossed Aldol Reaction, two different carbonyl compounds react, requiring careful control of selectivity. The Intramolecular Aldol Reaction occurs within the same molecule and often leads to cyclic products.
Several related reactions follow similar principles. The Knoevenagel Reaction involves condensation of aldehydes or ketones with active methylene compounds. The Darzens Reaction forms α,β-epoxy carbonyl compounds (glycidic esters or ketones). The Claisen Condensation and Dieckmann Cyclization generate β-keto esters through intermolecular and intramolecular ester condensations, respectively. The Mannich Reaction introduces an aminoalkyl group into a carbonyl compound, forming β-amino carbonyl compounds. The Henry (Nitro-Aldol) Reaction produces β-nitro alcohols, while the Nitrile Aldol Reaction forms α-hydroxy nitriles.
Overall, aldol-like reactions are fundamental synthetic tools because they efficiently create new C–C bonds, increase molecular complexity, and provide versatile intermediates for further chemical transformations.

Guía para mecanismos de reacción 👨🏾‍🔬

¡Que las flechas no te confundan más! Con esta guía aprende a diferenciar entre flechas de resonancia, de equilibrio y de movimiento de electrones. ¡Domina la orgánica y aprueba con confianza! Descubre más en el artículo “When Arrows Mislead: Addressing Persistent Misconceptions About Arrows in Organic Mechanisms”.
https://revistas.unam.mx/index.php/req/article/view/91750

Agentes reductores

Reducing agents are substances that cause reduction reactions by donating electrons or hydrogen to another compound. In organic chemistry, they are mainly used to convert unsaturated compounds and functional groups into more reduced products such as alkanes, alkenes, and amines.
The image shows several important reduction reactions. Catalytic hydrogenation using Pt/C, Pd/C, Ni, or Ru with H₂ gas converts alkenes and alkynes into alkanes. Lindlar’s catalyst selectively reduces alkynes to cis-alkenes, while Na/NH₃ produces trans-alkenes through dissolving metal reduction.
Nitro groups (NO₂) can be reduced to amines (NH₂) using reagents like Zn/HCl, Sn/HCl, Fe/HCl, or Pd/H₂. Strong hydride reducing agents such as LiAlH₄ reduce sulfonate esters and alkyl halides to alkanes.
Reduction reactions are highly important in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, fuels, polymers, and fine chemicals. The choice of reducing agent depends on the required selectivity and functional group compatibility. Many reducing agents are moisture-sensitive and must be handled carefully under controlled laboratory conditions.

Reglas de Woodward-Fieser en UV-vis

The Woodward–Fieser rules are empirical rules used in UV–Visible spectroscopy to predict the absorption maximum (λmax) of conjugated dienes and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. These rules were developed by chemists Robert Burns Woodward and Louis Frederick Fieser in 1941. The rules help determine the wavelength at which a compound shows maximum absorption due to electronic transitions.
The image explains that conjugated dienes undergo π → π* transitions from the HOMO to the LUMO orbital. A base value is assigned depending on the type of diene. For example, an acyclic or heteroannular conjugated diene has a base value of 214 nm, while a homoannular diene has a base value of 253 nm. Additional increments are added for extra conjugated double bonds, exocyclic double bonds, and substituent groups such as alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, amino, or sulfur-containing groups.
The lower section shows numerical examples where λmax values are calculated by adding substituent increments to the base value. The observed values closely match the calculated results, proving the usefulness of the Woodward–Fieser rules in predicting UV absorption and identifying organic compounds in spectroscopy.