20/05/2026
đ˘Day-22 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Paragraph Basics in Great Writing-2
paragraph áá
áşáááŻááşááᯠáááşááᯠáááşááąáŹááşáááá˛áááŻáᏠáážááşá¸ááźááŹá¸áááşá
Paragraph áá
áşáááŻááşáážáŹ áĄááá áĄáááŻááşá¸ á áááŻááşá¸ áážááááşá
________________________________________
đ˘ 1. INDENT
Indent áááŻááŹááŹáá˛?
đ Paragraph á
áá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
áááá
áŹááźáąáŹááşá¸ááᯠáááşá¸áááşá¸ ááťááşááźáŽá¸ á
ááąá¸ááŹ
________________________________________
Why is indent important?
â Shows a new paragraph
đ paragraph áĄáá
áş á
áááşáááŻáᏠááźáááş
â Makes writing easy to read
đ á
áŹáááşá áááŻáá˝ááşá
áąáááş
________________________________________
đ´ 2. TOPIC SENTENCE
Ultra-processed foods are one of the main causes of childhood obesity.
ááŤá paragraph áá˛áˇ
đ main idea
đ áĄááááĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áĄááŹ
ááᯠááźáá˛áˇ sentence ááźá
áşáááşá
________________________________________
Main Idea
đ Ultra-processed foods á
áááąá¸ obesity ááźá
áşá
áąáá˛áˇ áĄááááĄááźáąáŹááşá¸áááşá¸áá˝áąáá˛á áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đĄ 3. EXPLANATION
This is because these foods are often high in sugar and calories.
áᎠsentence á
topic sentence ááᯠexplanation ááąá¸ááŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
Meaning
đ ááŽáĄá
áŹá¸áĄá
áŹáá˝áąáážáŹ
áááźáŹá¸áá˛áˇ calories ááťáŹá¸áááş
đ ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş obesity ááźá
áşá
áąáááş
________________________________________
đŁ 4. EXAMPLE
For example, potato chips and pizza that children today consume on a regular basis contain a large amount of calories and unhealthy fat.
áᎠsentence á
specific example ááąá¸ááŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
Meaning
đ áááąá¸áá˝áą áĄááźá˛á
áŹá¸áá˛áˇ
potato chips áá˛áˇ pizza áá˝áąáážáŹ
⢠calories ááťáŹá¸áááş
⢠unhealthy fat ááťáŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
đľ 5. CONCLUDING SENTENCE
As a result, eating too much ultra-processed food can lead to obesity in children.
áᎠsentence á
paragraph ááᯠáĄááŻáśá¸áááşááąá¸áááş
________________________________________
Meaning
đ Ultra-processed food áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸á
áŹá¸áááş
áááąá¸áá˝áą obesity ááźá
áşáááŻááşáááş
________________________________________
đ˘ WHY THIS PARAGRAPH IS STRONG
Part Function
Topic Sentence main idea
Explanation reason
Example supporting detail
Concluding Sentence ending
________________________________________
đ´ WRITING LESSON
Paragraph ááąáŹááşá¸áá
áşáááŻááşááąá¸áááŻáˇ
â clear topic sentence
â explanation
â example
â concluding sentence
áááŻáĄááşáááş
________________________________________
đŁ IMPORTANT IDEA
áᎠstructure áááŻ
â IELTS writing
â paragraph writing
â essay writing
â academic writing
áá˝áąáážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
19/05/2026
đ˘Day-21 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ UNTIL / TILL
Meaning
đ â...áá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáĄááâ
đ action áá
áşáᯠáááşááźá
áşááąááźáŽá¸
ááąáŹááş action ááźá
áşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ áááşáá˝áŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
đ˘ FUTURE PATTERN
S + will + V1 until S + V1
________________________________________
đĄ Example
We will wait until you get here.
________________________________________
đ´ STEP 1 â Main Action
We will wait
đ âá
áąáŹááˇáşáááşâ
đ áᎠaction á áááşááźá
áşááąáááş
________________________________________
đŁ STEP 2 â Time Clause
until you get here
đ âáááşá¸ ááŽááᯠááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáĄááâ
đ future meaning áážáááąáááˇáş
â will áááŻáśá¸áá°á¸
â you get here
________________________________________
đľ Whole Meaning
We will wait until you get here.
đ áááşá¸ ááąáŹááşááŹáá˛áˇáĄáá
âĄď¸ ááŤáááŻáˇ á
áąáŹááˇáşáááş
________________________________________
đ˘ PAST PATTERN
S + V2 until S + V2
________________________________________
đĄ Example
We waited until you got here.
________________________________________
đ´ Meaning
đ áááşá¸ ááąáŹááşááŹáá˛áˇáĄáá
âĄď¸ ááŤáááŻáˇ á
áąáŹááˇáşáá˛áˇáááş
________________________________________
đŁ IMPORTANT RULE
After until / till
Future meaning
â until you will come
â until you come
đ time clause áá˛áážáŹ present simple ááŻáśá¸áááş
________________________________________
________________________________________
đľ SINCE
Meaning
đ â...ááááşá¸áâ
đ past áá˛á starting point áá
áşááŻáááą
áĄááŻáĄáá áááşááźá
áşááąáááş
________________________________________
đ˘ STRUCTURE
S + has/have + V3 since S + V2
________________________________________
đĄ Example 1
I have played football since I was 13 years old.
________________________________________
đ´ STEP 1 â Main Action
I have played football
đ football áá
áŹá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáááş
đ Present Perfect ááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đŁ STEP 2 â Starting Point
since I was 13 years old
đ áĄáááş áá áážá
áşááááşá¸á
đ starting point ááᯠááźáááş
________________________________________
đľ Whole Meaning
I have played football since I was 13 years old.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş áĄáááş áá áážá
áşááááşá¸á
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááŻáśá¸ áá
áŹá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáááş
________________________________________
đ˘ Example 2
I have played football since 2000.
đ 2000 ááŻáážá
áşááááşá¸á
âĄď¸ football áá
áŹá¸ááŹáá˛áˇáááş
________________________________________
đĄ IMPORTANT IDEA
since
đ starting point
until
đ ending point
________________________________________
đ´ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM
Word Meaning
until / till áĄááťáááşáá
áşááŻáĄáá
since áĄááťáááşáá
áşááŻááááşá¸á
________________________________________
đŁ Grammar Focus
until / till
đ action continues until another action happens
________________________________________
since
đ action started in the past and continues until now
________________________________________
đľ Final Teaching Point
áᎠpatterns áá˝áąáááŻ
â speaking
â storytelling
â daily conversation
áážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
18/05/2026
đ˘Day-20 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
â
1. âSinceâ áĄááŻáśá¸ááźáŻááźááşá¸
đ áĄáááášááŹááş
Since = âáĄááťáááşáá
áşááŻáá
ááźáŽá¸ áĄááŻááâ
________________________________________
â Structure (ááŻáśá
áś)
(1) Present Perfect
đ Since + Past Simple, Present Perfect
â Since I was a little boy, I have studied English.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşá áááąá¸áááá
ááźáŽá¸ áĄááŻáá English ááąáˇááŹááąáááşá
________________________________________
(2) Present Perfect Continuous
đ Since + Past Simple, have/has been + V-ing
â Since I was a little boy, I have been studying English.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşá áááąá¸áááá
ááźáŽá¸ áĄááŻáá English ááᯠáááşáááŻááşááąáˇááŹááąáááşá
________________________________________
đ§ áážááşáááş
⢠âSince + V2â áááŻááŹáááş
đ Since + past simple áááŻáˇááźáąáŹáááş áááŻáááŹáááťáááşá
________________________________________
â
2. âAs soon asâ áĄááŻáśá¸ááźáŻááźááşá¸
đ áĄáááášááŹááş
As soon as = âáá
áşááŻááźá
áşááźáŽá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ ááťááşááťááşá¸â
________________________________________
â Structure (ááŻáśá
áś)
(1) Future meaning
đ As soon as + Present Simple, will + V1
â As soon as I hear the news, I will inform you.
đ ááááşá¸ááźáŹá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ ááťááşááťááşá¸ áááşá¸ááᯠááźáąáŹáááşá
________________________________________
(2) Past meaning
đ As soon as + Past Simple, Past Simple
â As soon as I heard the news, I informed you.
đ ááááşá¸ááźáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ ááťááşááťááşá¸ ááźáąáŹáá˛áˇáááşá
________________________________________
đ§ áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸ááťááş
⢠âAs soon as = immediately afterwardsâ áááş
đ immediately after something happens áááŻáˇááŹá¸áááşáááş áááŻáážááşá¸áááşá
________________________________________
â áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááş
đ Since
đ áĄááťáááşáá
áşááŻáá
ááźáŽá¸ áĄááŻáá (continuous time idea)
đ As soon as
đ áá
áşááŻááźá
áşááźáŽá¸ááŹáá˛áˇ ááťááşááťááşá¸ (instant action)
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
17/05/2026
đ˘Day-19 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ The Participles
Attributive Participle / Reduced Adjective Clause
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ adjective clause áááŻ
đ participle phrase áĄááźá
áş ááťážáąáŹáˇááąá¸ááŻáśááᯠáááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááşá
--------------------
đ˘ MAIN IDEA
đ Relative pronoun clause áááŻ
áááŻáááŻááźáŽá¸ natural ááźá
áşáĄáąáŹááş
ááťážáąáŹáˇááąá¸áááŻááşáááşá
--------------------
đ´ SECTION 1(a)
Original Sentence
The woman who sells fish is Daw Hla.
--------------------
đĄ STEP 1 â Find the Adjective Clause
who sells fish
đ áᎠclause á
âthe womanâ ááᯠááąáŹáşááźááąáááş
đ ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş adjective clause ááźá
áşáááş
--------------------
đ˘ STEP 2 â Remove âwhoâ
who sells
⥠selling
đ active meaning ááźá
áşáááŻáˇ
present participle (-ing) ááŻáśá¸áááş
--------------------
đľ Final Sentence
The woman selling fish is Daw Hla.
--------------------
đŁ Meaning
đ ááŤá¸ááąáŹááşá¸ááąáá˛áˇ áĄááťááŻá¸áááŽá¸á Daw Hla ááźá
áşáááş
--------------------
đ´ IMPORTANT RULE
who + active verb
⥠V-ing
--------------------
đĄ Example
⢠who teaches â teaching
⢠who drives â driving
⢠who sells â selling
--------------------
đ˘ SECTION 1(b)
Original Sentence
The people who were displaced became refugees.
--------------------
đľ STEP 1 â Find the Adjective Clause
who were displaced
đ âthe peopleâ ááᯠááąáŹáşááźááąáááş
--------------------
đŁ STEP 2 â Reduce the Clause
who were displaced
⥠displaced
đ passive meaning ááźá
áşáááŻáˇ
V3 (past participle) ááŻáśá¸áááş
--------------------
đ´ Final Sentence
The people displaced became refugees.
--------------------
đĄ Meaning
đ ááąááŹáá˝ážáąáˇááźáąáŹááşá¸ááśááá˛áˇ áá°áá˝áąá ááŻáášááááş ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áááş
--------------------
đ˘ IMPORTANT RULE
who + passive verb
⥠V3
--------------------
đľ Example
⢠who were injured â injured
⢠who were invited â invited
⢠who were displaced â displaced
--------------------
đŁ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO
Structure Result
who + active verb V-ing
who + passive verb V3
--------------------
đ´ EASY SUMMARY
Active Meaning
who sells fish
⥠selling fish
--------------------
Passive Meaning
who were displaced
⥠displaced
--------------------
đĄ WHY DO WE REDUCE CLAUSES?
đ sentence áááŻ
â áááŻáááŻá
áąáááş
â ááᯠnatural ááźá
áşá
áąáááş
â academic style áááŻáá
áąáááş
--------------------
đ˘ FINAL TEACHING POINT
áᎠreduced adjective clauses áá˝áąáááŻ
â academic writing
â newspaper writing
â formal English
â storytelling
áážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááş
đ áĄáá°á¸áááźááˇáş
sentence ááᯠconcise ááźá
áşá
áąááťááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
16/05/2026
đ˘Day-19 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Adverb Clause of Time â âBy the timeâ
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ by the time ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
đ action áá
áşááŻá ááąáŹááş action áááźá
áşáááş áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹáááŻ
ááąáŹáşááźááŻáś áááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááşá
________________________________________
đ˘ WHAT DOES âBY THE TIMEâ MEAN?
by the time
đ â...áá˛áˇáĄááťáááşááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááŤáážáŹâ
đ â...ááááŻááşáááşáážáŹâ
đ action áá
áşáᯠáááźá
áşáááş
âĄď¸ áááźáŹá¸ action áá
áşáᯠááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đ´ FUTURE PERFECT PATTERN
S + will have + V3 + by the time + S + V1
________________________________________
đĄ Meaning
đ future áážáŹ
Action 1 á áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áááş
đ Action 2 á ááąáŹááşááž ááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đľ Example
The class will have started by the time you get there.
________________________________________
đŁ STEP 1 â Main Action
The class will have started
Structure
⢠will have started = Future Perfect
đ class á
ááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
đ future áážáŹ completed action
________________________________________
đ˘ STEP 2 â Time Clause
by the time you get there
Structure
⢠you get there = Present Simple
đ âáááşá¸ ááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹâ
đ future meaning áážáááąáááˇáş
â will áááŻáśá¸áá°á¸
________________________________________
đ´ IMPORTANT RULE
After âby the timeâ
â by the time you will get there
â by the time you get there
đ time clause áá˛áážáŹ present simple ááŻáśá¸áááş
________________________________________
đĄ Whole Meaning
The class will have started by the time you get there.
đ áááşá¸ ááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ class á á
ááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đľ Timeline Understanding
Time Action
9:00 AM The class starts
9:15 AM You arrive
đ class start á áĄáááş
đ you arrive á ááąáŹááş
________________________________________
đŁ PAST PERFECT VERSION
S + had + V3 + by the time + S + V2
________________________________________
đ˘ Example
The class had started by the time I got there.
________________________________________
đ´ STEP 1 â Earlier Past Action
The class had started
đ class á
ááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
đ had + V3 = Past Perfect
________________________________________
đĄ STEP 2 â Later Past Action
I got there
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş ááąáŹááşááŹáááş
đ Simple Past
________________________________________
đľ Whole Meaning
The class had started by the time I got there.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş ááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ class á á
ááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
________________________________________
đŁ Difference Between the Two Patterns
Pattern Time
will have V3 future
had V3 past
________________________________________
đ˘ Grammar Focus
Future Perfect
đ will have + V3
đ future áážáŹ completed action
________________________________________
Past Perfect
đ had + V3
đ past áá˛á earlier action
________________________________________
đ´ Final Teaching Point
đ âby the timeâ áááŻ
âĄď¸ action áá
áşáᯠáááźá
áşáááş
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááş action á áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸ááŹááᯠááźáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
15/05/2026
đ˘Day-18 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Sentence Structure Analysis
Sentence
It took Baxter several seconds to realize where he was.
áᎠsentence ááᯠáĄáááŻááşá¸áááŻááş áá˝á˛ááźáŽá¸ ááąáˇááŹááĄáąáŹááşá
đ˘ STEP 1 â âItâ
It = Temporary Pronoun
đ áᎠsentence áá˛áážáŹ âItâ á
áĄáážááşááááş meaning áážááá˛áˇ subject áááŻááşáá°á¸
đ temporary subject áĄááąáá˛áˇ ááŻáśá¸ááŹá¸áááş
đĄ STEP 2 â âtookâ
took = Main Verb
đ take áá˛áˇ V2 form
đ âááźáŹáááş / áĄááťáááşáá°áááşâ áááŻáá˛áˇ meaning áážááááş
đ´ STEP 3 â âBaxter several secondsâ
Baxter
đ action ááᯠexperience ááŻááşáá˛áˇ person
several seconds
đ ááźáŹáá˛áˇáá˛áˇ áĄááťáááş
đŁ STEP 4 â âto realizeâ
to realize = infinitive
đ âáááąáŹááąáŤááşáááŻáˇ / ááŹá¸áááşáááŻáˇâ
đ ááŹááŻááşáááŻáˇ áĄááťáááşáá°áá˛áˇáᲠáááŻáᏠááźáááş
đľ STEP 5 â âwhere he wasâ
where he was = noun clause
đ Baxter áááşááąááŹáážáŹ áážáááąáááşáááŻááŹ
đ ârealizeâ áá˛áˇ object áĄááźá
áş ááŻááşáááş
đ˘ Whole Sentence Meaning
It took Baxter several seconds to realize where he was.
đ Baxter á
áá° áááşááąááŹáážáŹáážáááąáááşáááŻ
áááąáŹááąáŤááşáááŻáˇ
á
áášáááˇáşáĄáááşá¸áááş ááźáŹáá˛áˇáááşá
đĄ Structure Pattern
It + take + person + time + to V1 + noun clause
đ´ Meaning of the Pattern
đ áá°áá
áşááąáŹááşá
áá
áşááŻáᯠááŹá¸áááşáááŻáˇ / ááŻááşáááŻáˇ
áĄááťáááşáááşááąáŹááşáá°áá˛áˇáááşáááŻáᏠááźáááş
đŁ Grammar Points
It took âŚ
đ áĄááťáááşááźáŹááŹááᯠááźáááş
to + V1
đ purpose / action
noun clause
đ sentence áĄáá˝ááşá¸ noun ááᯠáĄááŻááşááŻááşáá˛áˇ clause
đľ Easy Understanding
đ Baxter á
ááťááşááťááşá¸ ááááąáŹááąáŤááşáá°á¸
đ á
áášáááˇáşáĄáááşá¸áááş ááźáŹááźáŽá¸ááž
áá° áááşáážáŹáážááááşáááŻáᏠááááŹáááş
đ˘ Final Note
áᎠpattern áááŻ
â storytelling
â novels
â academic writing
â speaking
áážáŹ áĄááťáŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ ááŻáśá¸áááş
áĄáá°á¸áááźááˇáş
đ âáĄááťáááşáá°ááźáŽá¸ ááŹá¸áááşááŹááźááşá¸â
ááᯠááąáŹáşááźááťááşáá˛áˇáĄá፠ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
14/05/2026
đ˘Day-17 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Adverb Clause of Time
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ Past Perfect + when + Simple Past
ááᯠáááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááşá
đ˘ Main Structure
Subj + had + V3 when Subj + V2
đĄ Meaning
đ Action áá
áşááŻá
âĄď¸ áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áááş
đ ááąáŹááşááž
âĄď¸ áááźáŹá¸ action áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşáááş
đ´ STEP 1 â First Action
They had left the building.
Structure
They = Subject
had left = Past Perfect
đ âhad + V3â ááᯠPast Perfect áááŻáˇááąáŤáşáááş
đ áᎠaction á
âĄď¸ áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áá˛áˇ action ááźá
áşáááş
Meaning
áá°áááŻáˇ áĄááąáŹááşáĄáŚá¸áááą áá˝ááşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
đŁ STEP 2 â Second Action
I arrived there.
Structure
I = Subject
arrived = V2 (Simple Past)
đ áᎠaction á
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááşááž ááźá
áşáá˛áˇ action
Meaning
ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş áĄá˛ááŽááąááŹááᯠááąáŹááşááŹáááş
đľ STEP 3 â Add âwhenâ
đ when ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
âĄď¸ action áááŻááᯠááťáááşáááş
đ˘ Final Sentence
They had left the building when I arrived there.
đĄ Meaning of the Whole Sentence
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş ááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ áá°áááŻáˇ áá˝ááşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááŹá¸ ááźá
áşáááş
đ leave action á áĄáááş
đ arrive action á ááąáŹááş
đ´ Timeline Understanding
Action 1
They had left the building.
âŹ
ď¸ earlier action
Action 2
I arrived there.
âŹ
ď¸ later action
đŁ Why Use Past Perfect?
đ Past Perfect áááŻ
âĄď¸ past áá˛á âáĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ actionâ ááᯠááźáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááş
đľ Grammar Formula
| Part | Function |
| --------- | ------------------- |
| had + V3 | earlier past action |
| when + V2 | later past action |
đ˘ Important Point
đ âhad + V3â action á
áĄááźá˛áááşá¸ áĄáááşááźá
áşáááş
đ âV2â action á
ááąáŹááşááž ááźá
áşáááş
đĄ Simple Teaching Note
Past Perfect
đ had + V3
áĽáááŹ
had left
had finished
had eaten
Simple Past
đ V2
áĽáááŹ
arrived
came
saw
đ´ Final Summary
Pattern
Subj + had + V3 when Subj + V2
Use
đ past áá˛áážáŹ
âĄď¸ áááş action á áĄáááşááźá
áşáááşáááŻáᏠááźáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
13/05/2026
đ˘Day-16 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Adverb Clause of Time (When)
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ when ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
đ áĄááťáááş(time) áááŻááşáᏠaction áááŻáááŻ
đ áááşáááŻááťáááşáááᲠáááŻáᏠáááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááş
đ˘ WHAT IS âWHENâ?
đ when = âáĄááťáááşáážáŹâ
đ action áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşááąááťáááş / ááźá
áşááźáŽá¸ááťáááş / ááźá
áşáááˇáşáĄááťáááş ááᯠááźáááş
đ when á
âĄď¸ clause áááŻááᯠááťáááşááąá¸áááş
đ´ PATTERN 1
S + be + V-ing when S + V2
đĄ Meaning
đ Action 1 á ááźá
áşááąááŻááşá¸
âĄď¸ Action 2 áááşááźá
áşáááş
đ ongoing action + short action
đľ Structure Breakdown
S + be + V-ing
đ continuous action
áĽáááŹ
was watching
was studying
were sleeping
when + S + V2
đ short completed action
áĽáááŹ
he came in
she called
they arrived
đŁ Example Explanation
I was watching a movie when he came in.
Action 1
I was watching a movie.
đ ááŻááşáážááşááźááˇáşááąááŻááşá¸
Action 2
he came in.
đ áá° áááşááŹáááş
đ watching á ááźá
áşááąááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ he came in áááŻáá˛áˇ action áááşááźá
áşáááş
đ˘ PATTERN 2
S + had + V3 when S + V2
đĄ Meaning
đ Action 1 á áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˝áŹá¸áááş
âĄď¸ ááźáŽá¸ááž Action 2 ááźá
áşáááş
đ earlier past action + later past action
đľ Structure Breakdown
had + V3
đ past perfect
đ áĄáááşááźáŽá¸áá˛áˇ action
when + S + V2
đ ááąáŹááşááž ááźá
áşáá˛áˇ action
đŁ Example Explanation
I had already left the place when they arrived.
Action 1
I had already left the place.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş áĄáááşáá˝ááşáá˝áŹá¸ááźáŽá¸ááźáŽ
Action 2
they arrived.
đ áá°áááŻáˇ ááąáŹááşááŹáááş
đ leave á áĄáááşááźá
áşáááş
âĄď¸ arrive á ááąáŹááşáážááźá
áşáááş
đ´ PATTERN 3
S + will + V1 when S + V1
đĄ Meaning
đ future action áááŻááᯠááťáááşáááş
đ action áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááş action ááźá
áşáááş
đľ Important Grammar Rule
â when + will
â when + present simple
đŁ Example Explanation
I will leave when the ferry arrives.
Action 1
I will leave.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş áá˝ááşáááş
Action 2
the ferry arrives.
đ ferry ááąáŹááşááŹáááş
đ ferry ááąáŹááşáá˛áˇáĄááťáááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş áá˝ááşáááş
đ´ IMPORTANT RULE
Future Time Clause
đ when clause áá˛áážáŹ
â will áááŻáśá¸áá°á¸
Correct
â when the ferry arrives
Incorrect
â when the ferry will arrive
đ˘ TIME RELATIONSHIPS
Pattern 1
đ action áá
áşáᯠááźá
áşááąááŻááşá¸
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááş action áááşááźá
áş
Pattern 2
đ action áá
áşáᯠáĄáááşááźáŽá¸
âĄď¸ ááąáŹááş action ááźá
áş
Pattern 3
đ future time áĄááźáąáĄááą
đľ EASY SUMMARY TABLE
| Pattern | Meaning |
| ---------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| was/were V-ing when V2 | ongoing action + interruption |
| had V3 when V2 | earlier past + later past |
| will V1 when V1 | future action |
đŁ FINAL TEACHING POINT
đ when áááŻ
âĄď¸ áĄááťáááşáááŻááşáᏠclause áá˝áą ááťáááşáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááş
đ tense áá˝áąá¸áᏠáĄáááşá¸áĄááąá¸ááźáŽá¸áááş
â Past Continuous â ongoing action
â Past Perfect â earlier action
â Future â future time clause
đ áᎠpatterns áá˝áąá
â speaking
â writing
â storytelling
â academic writing
áážáŹ áĄáááşá¸áĄááŻáśá¸áááşáááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
12/05/2026
đ˘Day-15 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
Conditional Clauses (IF) â áĄáááášááŹááşáĄááźáąááś áážááşá¸áááşá¸ááťááş
Conditional sentence áááŻáᏠâáĄááźáąáĄááą + ááááşâ áááŻááźáá˛áˇ ááŤááťááťááŻá¸ááźá
áşááŤáááşá
âIFâ ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸ áĄááźáąáĄááąáá
áşáᯠááźá
áşááŹáááş ááŹááźá
áşááá˛áááŻáᏠááźááŤáááşá
________________________________________
(1) Factual Conditional (Real) â áĄáážááşááááşááźá
áşáá˛áˇáĄááźáąáĄááą
áá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŻáś
đ If S + V1, S + V1
áĄáááášááŹááş
⢠áááŹááĄáážááşáááŹá¸
⢠áĄááźá˛áážááşáá˛áˇáĄááŹ
⢠áááášááśáááŻááşááŹáĄááťááş
áĽáááŹ
⢠If you heat ice, it melts.
đ ááąáá˛ááᯠáĄáá°ááąá¸áááş áĄáááşááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áááş (áĄááźá˛áážááş)
áĄááááážááşáááş
â present tense áážá
áşááŻááŻáśá¸áááş
â âáĄááźá˛ááźá
áşááąáá˛áˇáĄááŹâ áááŻááźáááş
________________________________________
(2) Predictive Conditional (Real) â áĄááŹáááşááźá
áşáááŻááşááźáą
áá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŻáś
đ If S + V1, S + will V1
áĄáááášááŹááş
⢠áĄááŹáááşáážáŹ ááźá
áşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄááŹ
⢠áĄááźáąáĄááąáážááşáááş ááááşááźá
áşáááş
áĽáááŹ
⢠If you work hard, you will get rich.
đ ááźááŻá¸á
áŹá¸áááş ááťááşá¸ááŹáááŻááşáááş
⢠If you need my help, you can tell me.
đ áĄáá°áĄááŽáááŻáááş ááźáąáŹáááŻááşáááş
áĄááááážááşáááş
â âwill / canâ ááŻáśá¸áááş
â future possibility áááŻááźáááş
________________________________________
Should pattern (formal)
đ Should S + V1, S + V1
áĽáááŹ
⢠Should you need my help, please tell me.
đ áĄáá°áĄááŽáááŻáááş ááźáąáŹááŤ
⢠Should you have any questions, please let us know.
đ ááąá¸áá˝ááşá¸áážááááş ááźáąáŹááŤ
áĄááááážááşáááş
â formal writing / polite English
â âIfâ áĄá
áŹá¸ âShouldâ ááŻáśá¸
________________________________________
(3) Hypothetical Conditional (Unreal) â á
áááşáá°á¸áĄááźáąáĄááą
áá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŻáś
đ If S + V2, S + would V1
áĄáááášááŹááş
⢠áááźá
áşáááŻááşáá˛áˇáĄááźáąáĄááą
⢠á
áááşáá°á¸áá˛áážáŹááŹááźá
áşáááş
áĽáááŹ
⢠If I had a gun, I would shoot him.
đ ááŤáážáŹ ááąáááşáážááááş (ááŤááąáááˇáş ááážááá°á¸)
⢠If he were a doctor, he would treat patients.
đ áá°áááŹáááşááźá
áşáááş áá°ááŹáá˝áąááŻáááş
áĄááááážááşáááş
â past tense ááŻáśá¸ááąáááˇáş past áááŻááş
â âimaginationâ áááŻááźáááş
________________________________________
Inversion (formal structure)
(a) Were + S + to V1
đ Were I to have a gun, I would shoot him.
(b) Were + S + adjective/noun
đ Were he a doctor, he would treat patients.
áĄááááážááşáááş
â âIfâ áááŻáśá¸áᲠformal ááŻáśá
áś
â áĄáááášááŹááşáááźáąáŹááşá¸
________________________________________
(4) Counterfactual Conditional (Unreal past) â áááźá
áşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇáĄááááş
áá˝á˛áˇá
ááşá¸ááŻáś
đ If S + had V3, S + would have V3
áĄáááášááŹááş
⢠áĄááááşáážáŹ áááźá
áşáá˛áˇáá˛áˇáĄááŹ
⢠ááźá
áşáá˛áˇáááş áĄááźáŹá¸ááááşááźá
áşáááş
áĽáááŹ
⢠If they had stayed inside, they would not have been shot.
đ áĄáááşáá˛ááąáá˛áˇáááş ááááááŻááşáá˛áˇáá°á¸
________________________________________
Inversion
đ Had S + V3, S + would have V3
⢠Had they stayed inside, they would not have been shot.
đ áĄáááşáá˛ááąáá˛áˇáááş áááźá
áşáá˛áˇáá°á¸
áĄááááážááşáááş
â past regret / regret situation
â âcould have changed the pastâ idea
________________________________________
áĄááťááşá¸ááťáŻááş
Type Meaning Structure
Factual áĄááźá˛áážááş If V1, V1
Predictive future possibility If V1, will V1
Hypothetical á
áááşáá°á¸ If V2, would V1
Counterfactual past regret If had V3, would have V3
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
11/05/2026
đ˘Day-14 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Relative Adverb (When)
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ when ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
đ time (áĄááťáááş) áĄááźáąáŹááşá¸ááŤáá˛áˇ sentence áááŻáááŻ
đ áááşáááŻááťáááşáááᲠáááŻáᏠáááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
đ˘ STEP 1 â What is âwhenâ?
when = Relative Adverb
đ when áááŻ
âĄď¸ relative adverb áááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşáááş
đ áĄááťáááş(time) ááᯠááźáąáŹáá˛áˇ noun ááąáŹááşáážáŹ ááŻáśá¸áááş
________________________________________
đ´ Time Words
when áá˛áˇ áá˝á˛ááŻáśá¸ááąáˇáážááá˛áˇ time words ááťáŹá¸
⢠day
⢠week
⢠month
⢠year
⢠morning
⢠evening
⢠time
________________________________________
đĄ STEP 2 â Pattern
Formula
Noun (time) + when + Subject + Verb
________________________________________
đľ Meaning of Each Part
Noun (time)
đ áĄááťáááşááᯠááźáá˛áˇ noun
áĽáááŹ
⢠2008
⢠the day
⢠the year
⢠the time
________________________________________
when
đ relative adverb
đ time noun ááᯠclause áá˛áˇ ááťáááşááąá¸áááş
________________________________________
Subject + Verb
đ complete clause
________________________________________
đŁ STEP 3 â How to Make the Sentence
1ď¸âŁ Find the time word
đ sentence áá˛áážáŹ time word ááᯠáážáŹ
áĽáááŹ
âĄď¸ in 2008
________________________________________
2ď¸âŁ Add âwhenâ
đ time word ááąáŹááşáážáŹ
âĄď¸ when áááˇáş
________________________________________
3ď¸âŁ Add subject + verb
đ clause áĄááźááˇáşáĄá
áŻáś áááˇáş
________________________________________
4ď¸âŁ Make one complete sentence
đ sentence áááŻáááŻ
âĄď¸ sentence áá
áşááŻáááşá¸ ááźá
áşáĄáąáŹááş ááťáááş
________________________________________
đ˘ STEP 4 â Example Explanation
(a) I passed the exam in 2008.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáş 2008 áážáŹ á
áŹááąá¸áá˝á˛áĄáąáŹááşáááş
________________________________________
(b) Cyclone Nargis hit my town that year.
đ áĄá˛ááŽáážá
áşáážáŹ Cyclone Nargis á ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşáááŻáˇááźááŻáˇááᯠáááŻááşáááşáááş
________________________________________
đ´ Compound Sentence
(c) I passed the exam in 2008, and Cyclone Nargis hit my town that year.
đ sentence áááŻááᯠâandâ áá˛áˇ ááťáááşááŹá¸áááş
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đľ Relative Adverb Sentence
(d) I passed the exam in 2008 when Cyclone Nargis hit my town.
đ âwhenâ ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
âĄď¸ time clause áá˛áˇ ááťáááşááŹá¸áááş
đ sentence á áááŻáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááᯠnatural ááźá
áşáá˝áŹá¸áááş
________________________________________
đŁ Important Grammar Point
đ when = at that time / in that year / on that day
đ repeated time expression áááŻ
âĄď¸ áááşáááąá¸áᲠwhen áá˛áˇ ááťáááşáááŻááşáááş
________________________________________
đĄ Why Use âwhenâ?
â sentence ááᯠáááŻáááŻá
áąáááş
â repetition ááťáąáŹáˇá
áąáááş
â sentence ááᯠááᯠsmooth ááźá
áşá
áąáááş
â academic writing áážáŹ áááŻááąáŹááşá¸áááş
________________________________________
đľ Easy Formula
Informal Formula
time word + when + S + V
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đ˘ Final Note
đ when áááŻ
âĄď¸ áĄááťáááş(time) ááᯠáážááşá¸ááźáááŻáˇ ááŻáśá¸áááş
đ sentence áááŻáážáŹ
âĄď¸ áá°ááŽáá˛áˇ time idea áážááááş
âĄď¸ when áá˛áˇ ááťáááşáááŻááşáááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)
10/05/2026
đ˘Day-13 Lessons
áĄáááşá¸áá˛áážáŹ áááşáá˛áˇ áááşáááşá¸á
áŹááąá¸áá˝ááᯠáááŻááźáŽá¸ ááźááˇáşáááŹáážááşá¸ áĄáąáŹááş AI áá˛áˇ design ááŻááşááŹá¸ááŹááŤá
đľ Adjective Clause (Relative Pronoun â which)
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
đ which ááᯠááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
đ sentence áááŻááᯠáááşáááŻááťáááşáááᲠáááŻáᏠáááşááąá¸ááŹá¸áááş
đ˘ STEP 1 â Simple Sentences
Sentence 1
I like all the stories.
đ ááťá˝ááşááąáŹáşá ááŹááşáááşá¸áĄáŹá¸ááŻáśá¸ááᯠááźááŻááşáááş
Sentence 2
All the stories were written by Shakespeare.
đ áĄá˛ááŽááŹááşáááşá¸áá˝áąááᯠShakespeare á ááąá¸ááŹá¸ááŹ
đ´ Important Idea
Sentence áááŻááŻáśá¸áážáŹ
đ all the stories áááŻáá˛áˇ noun áá°áá° ááŤáááş
âĄď¸ áá°ááŽáá˛áˇ noun ááᯠáááşáááźáąáŹááťááşááąáŹáˇáá°á¸
ááŤááźáąáŹááˇáş
âĄď¸ relative pronoun âwhichâ ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááş
đĄ STEP 2 â Compound Sentence
Sentence
I like all the stories, and all the stories were written by Shakespeare.
đ sentence áááŻáááŻ
âĄď¸ âandâ áá˛áˇ ááťáááşááŹá¸áááş
ááŤááąáááˇáş
â âall the storiesâ ááᯠáá፠áááşááźáąáŹááŹá¸áááş
đľ STEP 3 â Remove the Repeated Noun
đ ááŻááá sentence áá˛á
âĄď¸ repeated noun (âall the storiesâ) ááᯠááźáŻááşáááş
đŁ STEP 4 â Use âwhichâ
Sentence
I like all the stories which were written by Shakespeare.
đ repeated noun áĄá
áŹá¸
âĄď¸ âwhichâ ááᯠááŻáśá¸áááş
đ´ Important Rule
đ which = thing / object / animal
đ stories á thing ááźá
áşáááŻáˇ
âĄď¸ which ááŻáśá¸áááş
đ˘ STEP 5 â Make a Complex Sentence
Main Clause
I like all the stories
đ áĄááá sentence
Adjective Clause
which were written by Shakespeare
đ stories ááᯠáááŻáážááşá¸ááźáá˛áˇ clause
đľ What is an Adjective Clause?
đ noun ááᯠáááŻáážááşá¸ááźáá˛áˇ clause áááŻ
âĄď¸ adjective clause áááŻáˇ ááąáŤáşáááş
áᎠlesson áážáŹ
âĄď¸ âwhich were written by Shakespeareâ á
âĄď¸ stories ááᯠáážááşá¸ááźááąáááş
đĄ Clause Connections
Main Clause
âĄď¸ I like all the stories
Relative Pronoun
âĄď¸ which
Adjective Clause
âĄď¸ were written by Shakespeare
đ´ STEP 6 â Participle Clause
Sentence
I like all the stories written by Shakespeare.
đ âwhich wereâ ááᯠááźáŻááşááŹá¸áááş
đ˘ Why can we remove âwhich wereâ?
đ passive voice ááźá
áşááąáá˛áˇáĄáá˝ááş
âĄď¸ which + be verb ááᯠááźáŻááşáááŻááşáááş
đľ Structure Change
Full Relative Clause
which were written by Shakespeare
Reduced Clause
written by Shakespeare
đŁ Important Grammar Point
đ passive adjective clause áá˝áąáážáŹ
âĄď¸ which + be verb ááᯠááźáŻááşáááŻááşáááş
đĄ Simple Flow
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentence
Relative Clause (which)
Complex Sentence
Reduced Participle Clause
đ´ Important Terms
Simple Sentence
đ idea áá
áşááŻáááşá¸ ááŤáá˛áˇ sentence
Compound Sentence
đ and / but / so áá˛áˇ ááťáááşááŹá¸áá˛áˇ sentence
Complex Sentence
đ main clause + subordinate clause
Adjective Clause
đ noun ááᯠáážááşá¸ááźáá˛áˇ clause
Participle Clause
đ reduced adjective clause
đ˘ Easy Formula
Relative Clause
Noun + which + be + V3
Reduced Clause
Noun + V3
đľ Final Teaching Point
đ sentence áááŻáážáŹ
âĄď¸ áá°ááŽáá˛áˇ noun áážááááş
âĄď¸ relative pronoun áá˛áˇ ááťáááşáááŻááşáááş
đ which ááŻáśá¸ááźáŽá¸
â sentence ááᯠáááŻáááŻá
áąáááş
â ááᯠnatural ááźá
áşá
áąáááş
â ááᯠacademic ááźá
áşá
áąáááş
Sayar John (Language Instructor)
MBA â Coventry University, Master of Arts in TESOL â Sophia University (thesis in progress)